Effects of different exercise training modes on muscle strength and physical performance in older people with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 Different indicators and cut-off points in defining sarcopenia

Diagnosis Criteria	Target district	Cut-off points
Diagnosis Criteria	Target district	Muscle mass	Muscle strength	Physical performance
AWGS [72]	countries from Asia	ASMI by DXA: (M: < 7.0 kg/m², F: < 5.4 kg/m²); Or ASMI by BIA: (M: < 7.0 kg/m², F: < 5.7 kg/m²)	HGS: (M:< 28 kg, F:< 18 kg)	GS: < 1.0 m/s; Or 5-STS ≥12 s; Or SPPB: ≤9
EWGSOP-2010 [73]	countries from Europe	ASMI by DXA: (M: < 7.23 kg/m², F: < 5.67 kg/m²); or ASMI by BIA: (M: < 8.87 kg/m², F: < 6.42 kg/m²)	HGS: (M: < 30 kg, F: < 20 kg)	GS: < 1.0 m/s; or SPPB: ≤8
CDC [74]	New Mexico	ASM* < 2 standard deviations of a young reference population	/	/
National Center for Health Statistics [75]	NHANES III	SMI by BIA, M: < 10.75 kg/m², F: < 6.75 kg/m²	/	/
Park [62]	Busan City, South Korea	ASM2/weight <25.1%	/	/
Chung [76]	Korea	ASMI2 by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7%	/	/
Kim 2012/2013 [58, 59]	Tokyo	ASMI3 by BIA < 6.42 kg/m²; BMI < 22.0 kg/m	KES < 1.01 Nm/kg	GS < 1.22 m/s
Kim 2016 [60]	Tokyo	SMI by DXA < 5.67 kg/m²	HGS < 17.0 kg	GS < 1.0 m/s
Tyrovolas [77]	countries from Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America	ASMI4 by BIA, M: ≤0.93 kg/m², F: ≤0.57 kg/m²	HGS: (M: < 30 kg, F: < 20 kg)	GS: (M: 0.95–0.66 m/s; F:0.08–0.48 m/s)
Fried [78]	countries from African American	baseline: >10lbs lost unintentionally in prior year	HGS: lowest 20% (by gender, body mass index)	walking time/15 ft: slowest 20% (by gender, height)

AWGS Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, EWGSOP European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NHANES III Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, M male, F female, ASMI appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI = appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height²[ASM/m²]), ASMI2 = appendicular skeletal muscle mass/weight²*100% [ASM/kg²], ASMI3 appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI = appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height²[ASM/m²]), ASMI4 = [0.244(weight) + 7.8(height) + 6.6(sex)-0.098(age) + race-3.3]/body mass index (ASM/BMI), SMI skeletal muscle index; ASM* = 0.2487(weight) + 0.0483(height)-0.1584(hip circumference) + 0.0732 (grip strength) + 2.5843(sex) + 5.8828, ASM2 appendicular skeletal muscle mass, DXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, BIA Bioelectrical impedance analysis, HGS handgrip strength, KES knee extension strength, GS gait speed, 5-STS 5-chair sit to stand test, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, TUG Timed Up and Go

ISSN: 1471-2318