Table 2 Frequency of residents using each of the identified PIM or PIM classes 2007 and 2013
From: Potentially inappropriate medications in relation to length of nursing home stay among older adults
2007 | 2013 | |
|---|---|---|
Total number of participants in study sample | 1881 | 1305 |
Long-acting benzodiazepines, n (%)a | 112 (6.0) | 23 (1.8) |
Diazepam (N05BA01), n (%) | 15 (0.8) | 6 (0.5) |
Nitrazepam (N05CD02), n (%) | 15 (0.8) | 1 (< 0.1) |
Flunitrazepam (N05CD03), n (%) | 85 (4.5) | 18 (1.4) |
Anticholinergic drugs, n (%)a | 238 (12.7) | 105 (8.0) |
Gastrointestinal agents, anticholinergic | ||
Glycopyrronium (A03AB02), n (%) | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
Anticholinergic antiemetics | ||
Scopolamine (A04AD01), n (%) | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) |
Antiarrhythmics class 1A | ||
Disopyramide (C01BA03), n (%) | 2 (0.1) | 0 |
Urinary antispasmodics (excl G04BD12) | ||
Tolterodine (G04BD07), n (%) | 24 (1.3) | 4 (0.3) |
Solifenacin (G04BD08), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 2 (0.2) |
Darifenacin (G04BD10), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 1 (< 0.1) |
Fesoterodine (G04BD11), n (%) | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
Opiates and opioids in combination with antispasmodics | ||
Ketobemidone and antispasmodics (N02AG02), n (%) | 36 (1.9) | 23 (1.8) |
Anticholinergic anti-Parkinsonian drugs | ||
Trihexyphenidyl (N04AA01), n (%) | 5 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) |
Biperiden (N04AA02), n (%) | 10 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) |
Antipsychotic drugs | ||
Levomepromazine (N05AA02), n (%) | 21 (1.1) | 13 (1.0) |
Chlorprothixene (N05AF03), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 0 |
Clozapine (N05AH02), n (%) | 13 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) |
Anxiolytics | ||
Hydroxyzine (N05BB01), n (%) | 56 (3.0) | 9 (0.7) |
Antidepressants, non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors | ||
Clomipramine (N06AA04), n (%) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (< 0.1) |
Amitriptyline (N06AA09), n (%) | 32 (1.7) | 19 (1.5) |
Antihistamines | ||
Clemastine (R06AA04), n (%) | 14 (0.7) | 10 (0.8) |
Alimemazine (R06AD01), n (%) | 29 (1.5) | 11 (0.8) |
Promethazine (R06AD02), n (%) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Meclozine (R06AE05), n (%) | 0 | 1 (< 0.1) |
Tramadol (N02AX02), n (%) | 119 (6.3) | 10 (0.8) |
Propiomazine (N05CM06), n (%) | 164 (8.7) | 25 (1.9) |
Codeine, n (%) | 13 (0.7) | 23 (1.8) |
Paracetamol/codeine (N02AJ06), n (%) | 13 (0.7) | 21 (1.6) |
Codeine (R05DA04), n (%) | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
Glibenclamide (A10BB01), n (%) | 62 (3.3) | 7 (0.5) |
NSAIDs (COX-inhibitors), n (%)a | 97 (5.2) | 48 (3.7) |
Indometacin (M01AB01), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 0 |
Diclofenac (M01AB05), n (%) | 25 (1.3) | 16 (1.2) |
Tenoxicam (M01AC02), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 0 |
Ibuprofen (M01AE01), n (%) | 10 (0.5) | 8 (0.6) |
Naproxen (M01AE02), n (%) | 26 (1.4) | 10 (0.8) |
Ketoprofen (M01AE03), n (%) | 33 (1.8) | 15 (1.1) |
Celecoxib (M01AH01), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 0 |
Etoricoxib (M01AH05), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 0 |
Nabumetone (M01AX01), n (%) | 4 (0.2) | 0 |
Antipsychotic drugs, n (%)a | 426 (22.6) | 209 (16.0) |
Levomepromazine (N05AA02), n (%) | 21 (1.1) | 13 (1.0) |
Dixyrazine (N05AB01), n (%) | 2 (0.1) | 0 |
Perphenazine (N05AB03), n (%) | 6 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) |
Haloperidol (N05AD01), n (%) | 89 (4.7) | 25 (1.9) |
Melperone (N05AD03), n (%) | 14 (0.7) | 10 (0.8) |
Ziprasidone (N05AE04), n (%) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (< 0.1) |
Flupenthixol (N05AF01), n (%) | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) |
Chlorprothixene (N05AF03), n (%) | 1 (< 0.1) | 0 |
Zuclopenthixol (N05AF05), n (%) | 21 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) |
Clozapine (N05AH02), n (%) | 13 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) |
Olanzapine (N05AH03), n (%) | 92 (4.9) | 54 (4.1) |
Quetiapine (N05AH04), n (%) | 7 (0.4) | 18 (1.4) |
Risperidone (N05AX08), n (%) | 178 (9.5) | 91 (7.0) |
Aripiprazole (N05AX12), n (%) | 0 | 1 (< 0.1) |
PIMs total, n (%)b | 903 (48.0) | 370 (28.4) |