Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects

Age (y)

67.03 ± 6.60

74.04 ± 7.79

<  0.001

Sex (M/F)

255/275 (48%/52%)

36/16 (69%/31%)

0.004

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.98 ± 3.51

22.90 ± 3.37

<  0.001

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (Y/N)

247/283 (47%/53%)

23/29 (44%/56%)

0.880

Diabetic nephropathy (Y/N)

89/441 (17%/83%)

10/42 (19%/81%)

0.226

Diabetic retinopathy (Y/N)

87/443 (16%/84%)

13/39 (25%/75%)

0.755

White blood cell (× 10⁹/L)

6.26 ± 1.75

6.28 ± 1.45

0.936

Red blood cell (× 10¹²/L)

4.42 ± 0.53

4.18 ± 0.63

0.082

Platelets (×10⁹/L)

216.48 ± 60.78

195.42 ± 66.08

0.171

Hemoglobin (g/L)

134.95 ± 16.06

133.06 ± 16.15

0.422

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.42 ± 0.61

0.34 ± 0.51

0.324

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.39 ± 1.12

4.34 ± 1.07

0.740

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.21 ± 0.36

1.21 ± 0.46

0.940

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.65 ± 0.92

2.59 ± 0.84

0.643

Uric acida (mmol/L)

5.73 ± 0.27

5.69 ± 0.34

0.348

Creatinine (μmoI/L)

69.00 ± 24.35

72.02 ± 30.83

0.407

Alanine aminotransferasea (U/L)

2.96 ± 0.51

2.89 ± 0.66

0.338

Aspartate aminotransferasea (U/L)

3.09 ± 0.32

3.11 ± 0.51

0.662

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

9.31 ± 3.57

8.96 ± 3.55

0.501

Fasting C-peptide (ng/ml)

2.54 ± 1.51

2.65 ± 1.78

0.645

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

8.43 ± 1.83

9.16 ± 2.17

0.008

Homocysteine^a (umol/L)

2.52 ± 0.31

2.69 ± 0.45

< 0.001

Hs-CRP (mg/L)

4.15 ± 9.12

7.68 ± 17.97

0.019

Interleukin-6^a (ng/L)

1.40 ± 0.80

1.55 ± 0.81

0.194

ASM (kg)

19.52 ± 4.09

15.82 ± 3.22

< 0.001

SMI (kg/m²)

7.11 ± 1.02

5.85 ± 0.81

<  0.001

Grip strength (kg)

29.62 ± 10.05

23.02 ± 8.08

<  0.001

Walking speed (m/s)

1.10 ± 0.28

0.76 ± 0.23

<  0.001