Association between change in handgrip strength and cognitive function in Korean adults: a longitudinal panel study

Kim, Hyunkyu; Kim, Seung Hoon; Jeong, Wonjeong; Jang, Sung-In; Park, Eun-Cheol; Kim, Youseok

doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02610-2

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to Mini-Mental State Examination scores

From: Association between change in handgrip strength and cognitive function in Korean adults: a longitudinal panel study

	Men (N = 2999)					Women (N = 3697)
	Participants		MMSE			Participants		MMSE
	N	%	Mean ± S.D.		p-value	N	%	Mean ± S.D.		p-value
Change in handgrip strength					0.6874					0.2907
Same or increased	1196	39.9	26.891	3.397		1673	45.3	25.385	4.798
Decreased	1803	60.1	26.846	3.654		2024	54.7	25.253	4.813
Age (years)					< 0.0001					< 0.0001
45–54	831	27.7	28.331	2.030		1131	30.6	27.842	2.396
55–64	938	31.3	27.527	2.689		1084	29.3	26.522	3.404
65–74	874	29.1	26.122	3.492		991	26.8	23.784	4.798
≥75	356	11.9	23.517	5.396		491	13.3	19.904	6.070
Education level					< 0.0001					< 0.0001
Elementary school or less	908	30.3	24.816	4.463		2016	54.5	23.321	5.293
Middle school	522	17.4	27.080	2.905		635	17.2	27.047	2.981
High school	1066	35.5	27.804	2.619		879	23.8	28.023	2.290
University or beyond	503	16.8	28.346	2.095		167	4.5	28.503	1.951
Region					< 0.0001					< 0.0001
Metropolitan	1240	41.3	27.432	3.045		1580	42.7	26.157	4.196
Small or medium cities	991	33.0	26.898	3.499		1206	32.6	25.080	5.055
Rural	768	25.6	25.904	4.138		911	24.6	24.157	5.176
Working status					< 0.0001					0.0198
Working	1905	63.5	27.569	2.685		1225	33.1	26.581	3.541
Non-working	1094	36.5	25.637	4.438		2472	66.9	24.684	5.211
Household income					< 0.0001					0.0097
Quartile 1 (low)	600	20.0	24.760	4.534		991	26.8	23.188	5.256
Quartile 2	816	27.2	26.799	3.210		987	26.7	25.401	4.440
Quartile 3	846	28.2	27.508	2.959		907	24.5	26.114	4.484
Quartile 4 (high)	737	24.6	27.910	2.837		812	22.0	26.905	4.043
Participation in social activities					< 0.0001					< 0.0001
No	528	17.6	25.011	4.919		819	22.2	22.933	5.708
Yes	2471	82.4	27.260	3.045		2878	77.8	25.990	4.283
Smoking					0.0327					0.7566
Current	1179	39.3	27.160	3.145		107	2.9	24.019	4.939
Former	778	25.9	26.719	3.533		38	1.0	24.395	5.274
Never	1042	34.7	26.638	3.960		3552	96.1	25.362	4.792
Alcohol Intake					0.1605					0.0340
Yes	1895	63.2	27.104	3.255		709	19.2	26.616	3.625
No	1104	36.8	26.452	3.982		2988	80.8	25.004	4.997
Number of chronic medical conditions					0.1283					0.5450
None	1539	51.3	27.402	3.153		1672	45.2	26.53	4.14
1	895	29.8	26.535	3.730		1134	30.7	24.85	4.83
≥2	565	18.8	25.920	4.010		891	24.1	23.62	5.31
Number of cohabiting generations					0.0212					0.0541
Couple	1394	46.5	26.305	3.859		1783	48.2	24.812	4.731
Two generations	1266	42.2	27.582	2.855		1415	38.3	26.339	4.443
Over two generations	339	11.3	26.484	4.091		499	13.5	24.196	5.492
BMI					0.0180					< 0.0001
Underweight	89	3.0	24.944	4.971		114	3.1	23.360	6.044
Normal weight	1321	44.0	26.513	3.782		1628	44.0	25.076	5.105
Overweight	1012	33.7	27.292	3.290		1024	27.7	25.974	4.278
Obesity	544	18.1	27.270	2.917		818	22.1	25.571	4.389
Severe obesity	33	1.1	26.273	3.785		113	3.1	22.850	4.881
Perceived health status					< 0.0001					< 0.0001
Healthy	1752	58.4	27.744	2.675		1673	45.3	26.993	3.531
Average	855	28.5	26.035	3.803		1222	33.1	24.634	4.809
Unhealthy	392	13.1	24.742	4.866		802	21.7	22.843	5.710

BMI body mass index, Underweight: BMI < 18.5, Normal weight: 18.5 ≤ BMI < 23, Overweight: 23 ≤ BMI < 25, Obesity: 25 ≤ BMI < 30, Severe obesity: 30 ≤ BMI

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ISSN: 1471-2318

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