Table 1 Study population characteristics according to sex

 e-MMM (cm³), mean (s.d.)^a

22.2 (9.1)

20.1 (8.0)

25.3 (9.7)

< 0.01

 Vertical length of the MM (mm), mean (s.d.)^a

49.8 (7.2)

48.0 (6.5)

52.2 (7.3)

< 0.01

 Horizontal length of the MM (mm), mean (s.d.)^a

38.8 (7.0)

37.4 (6.7)

40.6 (7.1)

< 0.01

 Thickness of the MM (mm), mean (s.d.)^a

11.3 (3.0)

11.0 (2.9)

11.8 (3.0)

< 0.01

 Maximum occlusal force (N), median (IQR)^b

345 (173–595)

315 (157–537)

409 (207–674)

< 0.01

 Gum score, median (IQR)^bd

4 (3–4)

4 (3–4)

4 (3–4)

< 0.01

 n of natural teeth, median (IQR)^b

21 (9–26)

21 (9–26)

20 (9–26)

0.57

 n of functional teeth, median (IQR)^b

28 (27–28)

28 (27–28)

28 (26–28)

0.68

Age, mean (s.d.)^a

73.6 (5.8)

73.3 (5.6)

74.0 (6.0)

0.022

SMM (kg), mean (s.d.)^a

21.0 (4.5)

18.2 (2.2)

25.1 (3.6)

< 0.01

 Current smoking, n (%)^c

145 (10.7%)

50 (6.3%)

95 (17.0%)

< 0.01

 Daily alcohol intake, n (%)^c

283 (21.0%)

77 (9.7%)

206 (36.9%)

< 0.01

 Low physical activity, n (%)^c

301 (22.3%)

165 (20.9%)

136 (24.4%)

0.13

 Body weight (kg), mean (s.d.)^a

55.6 (10.3)

50.9 (8.1)

62.3 (9.4)

< 0.01

 Height (cm), mean (s.d.)^a

155.3 (8.6)

150.0 (5.7)

162.7 (6.2)

< 0.01

 BMI (kg/m²), mean (s.d.)^a

23.0 (3.3)

22.6 (3.5)

23.5 (3.0)

< 0.01

 BMI < 18.5 kg/m², n (%)^c

96 (7.1%)

76 (9.6%)

20 (3.6%)

< 0.01

 Combined score for an unhealthy lifestyle, median (IQR)^b

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

< 0.01

 Stroke, n (%)^c

97 (7.2%)

42 (5.3%)

55 (9.9%)

< 0.01

 Heart disease, n (%)^c

179 (13.3%)

85 (10.7%)

94 (16.8%)

< 0.01

 Diabetes, n (%)^c

180 (13.3%)

75 (9.5%)

105 (18.8%)

< 0.01

 Osteoporosis, n (%)^c

161 (11.9%)

155 (19.6%)

6 (1.1%)

< 0.01

 Respiratory disease, n (%)^c

39 (2.9%)

17 (2.1%)

22 (3.9%)

0.05

 Cancer, n (%)^c

164 (12.2%)

82 (10.4%)

82 (14.7%)

0.02

 Number of comorbidities, median (IQR)^b

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0.44