Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Characteristics | Total sample (N = 8255) | Urban (N = 1685) | Rural (N = 6570) | χ2/t | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD | 67.85 ± 6.37 | 68.19 ± 6.65 | 67.76 ± 6.29 | 2.431 | 0.012 |
Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | Â | Â |
Gender, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 1.568 | 0.210 |
 Male | 4159(50.4) | 826(49.0) | 3333(50.7) |  |  |
 Female | 4096(49.6) | 859(51.0) | 3237(49.3) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | Â | Â |
Marital status, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.180 | 0.672 |
 Married/cohabitating | 6386(77.4) | 1310(77.7) | 5076(77.3) |  |  |
 Single | 1869(22.6) | 375(22.3) | 1494(22.7) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | Â | Â |
Living status, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 12.366 | 0.002 |
 Living alone | 996(12.1) | 163(9.7) | 833(20.1) |  |  |
 Just living with a spouse | 2077(25.2) | 439(26.1) | 1638(39.6) |  |  |
 Living with child or others | 2128(25.8) | 458(27.2) | 1670(40.3) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 3054(37.0) | 625(37.1) | 2429(37.0) | Â | Â |
Educational background, n(%) |  |  |  | 952.066 | <  0.001 |
 Uneducated | 4202(50.9) | 408(24.2) | 3794(57.7) |  |  |
 Primary school | 1822(22.5) | 337(20.0) | 1485(22.6) |  |  |
 Middle school | 1116(13.5) | 392(23.3) | 724(11.0) |  |  |
 High school and above | 608(7.4) | 338(20.1) | 270(4.1) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 507(6.1) | 210(12.5) | 297(4.5) | Â | Â |
Smoking status, n(%) |  |  |  | 18.432 | <  0.001 |
 Current /Former | 3657(44.3) | 669(39.7) | 2988(45.5) |  |  |
 Never | 4591(55.6) | 1016(60.3) | 3575(54.5) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 7(0.1) | 0(0.0) | 7(0.1) | Â | Â |
Alcohol drinking, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 1.249 | 0.264 |
 Yes | 2747(33.3) | 580(34.4) | 2167(33.0) |  |  |
 No | 5503(66.7) | 1104(65.5) | 4399(67.0) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 5(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 4(0.1) | Â | Â |
BMI, n(%) |  |  |  | 123.646 | <  0.001 |
 Normal | 4196(50.8) | 525(37.1) | 3571(54.4) |  |  |
 Underweight | 506(6.1) | 42(2.5) | 464(7.1) |  |  |
 Overweight | 1836(22.2) | 437(25.9) | 1399(21.3) |  |  |
 Obese | 308(3.7) | 86(5.1) | 222(3.4) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 1409(17.1) | 495(29.4) | 914(13.9) | Â | Â |
Number of chronic diseases, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 12.954 | 0.002 |
 0 | 1352(16.4) | 217(12.9) | 1135(17.3) |  |  |
 1 | 2067(25.0) | 393(23.3) | 1674(25.5) |  |  |
  ≥ 2 | 3996(48.4) | 819(48.6) | 3177(48.4) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 840(10.2) | 256(15.2) | 584(8.9) | Â | Â |
Satisfaction with relationship of child, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.653 | 0.663 |
 Satisfied | 7197(87.2) | 1461(86.7) | 5736(87.3) |  |  |
 Fair | 301(3.6) | 58(3.4) | 241(3.7) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 757(9.2) | 166(9.9) | 591(9.0) | Â | Â |
ADL, n(%) |  |  |  | 50.545 | <  0.001 |
 Normal | 4150(50.3) | 898(53.3) | 3252(49.5) |  |  |
 Decline | 2093(25.4) | 296(17.6) | 1797(27.4) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 2012(24.4) | 491(29.1) | 1521(23.2) | Â | Â |
Depressive symptoms, n(%) |  |  |  | 138.334 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 3099(37.5) | 424(25.2) | 2675(40.7) |  |  |
 No | 5156(62.5) | 1261(74.8) | 3895(59.3) |  |  |
Missing, n(%) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | Â | Â |