Table 1 Study characteristics
Author, year | Sample size | Population Characteristics | Prognostic Factors | Outcome Measures | Study Timepoints |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bruggeman 2007, Australia [28] | 103 | 78 years 79% female | Personal control, acute stress, illness perception, pain, physical mobility | Depression Anxiety Stress Scale | Study dates not stated Baseline = Within one week of surgery Followed up at 3-weeks |
Cristancho 2016, USA [15] | 430 | 78.2 years 75.8% female 93.7% Caucasian 22.4% clinically diagnosed with new onset depression | Age, gender, medical illness burden, antidepressant use, smoking history, pain ratings, cognitive status, functional recovery, stress ratings, social support, anxiety, history of minor/major depression, implant type | Montgomery- Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders (SCID-IV) | 2008–2012 Baseline = approx. 2 days post-surgery Followed up at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks after baseline |
Deng, 2005, Taiwan [29] | 146 | 77.7 years > 90% unemployed | Gender, Cognition, Residence status, Prefracture physical function, support system, age, marital status, religion, occupation, diseases before admission | Geriatric Depression Scale – Short Form (GDS-SF) | 2001–2003 Baseline = On admission Followed up at 1 month after discharge |
Langer 2015, USA [30] | 500 | 78.4 years 73.8% women 92.5% white | Positive and negative affect, age, education, gender and social support, chronic illness | The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale - 7-day version | Not stated Baseline = 2 to 7 days post-surgery Followed up at Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 26, and Week 52 post surgery. |
Lenze, 2007, USA [13] | 126 | Major Depressive Disorder group: 78.3 years 16.7% male 100% Caucasian No Major Depressive Disorder group: 81.8 years 20.4% male 91.7% Caucasian 61% MDD cases had onset of MDD symptoms before discharge from the acute care hospital, whereas the other seven had onset of symptoms between 2 and 10 weeks after the hospitalization | Demographic variables and characteristics of the fracture, Functional status, Delirium, cognition, social support, medical comorbidity, Apathy, memory, executive function, Surgery LOS, characteristics of the surgery | Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D), Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders | 2002–2004 Baseline = End of hospital stay. Followed up after 2 weeks, then every 4 weeks until 26 weeks post hospital discharge Functional status measured prefracture through interview during hospital stay |
Lenze, 2008, USA [31] | 145 | 81.2 years 95.9% Caucasian woman | Pre-fracture function, comorbidities, ADLs, genetic samples-molecular weight DNA, 5HTR1A and 5HTR2AA | Geriatric Depression Scale | 1998–2004 Baseline = 12 days post-fracture Followed up at 2, 6, and 12-months post-fracture |
Lenze, 2005, USA [32] | 23 | s Allele group: 78.8 years 77% female 100% white l/l Genotype group: 76.2 years 100% female 90% white | Genotype −5-HTTLPR | Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, mood module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | 2002–2003 Baseline = end of their hospital stay Followed up at 2, 6, 10 and 14 weeks after hospital discharge |
Liu 2018, Taiwan [33] | 179 | 76.7 years 68.2% female Average number of comorbidities was 2.45 | Age, gender, marital status, educational level, comorbidities, cognitive impairment, functional impairment, care model and group membership probability, prefracture mobility | Geriatric Depression Scale-Chinese version | 2005–2010 Baseline = before discharge Followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months post- discharge |
Matheny, 2011, USA [34] | 134 | 81.7 years 96.3% Caucasian All participants were female | Age, height, weight, comorbidities, cognitive status, inflammatory cytokines, lower extremity function | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | 1998–2004 Baseline-within 22 days post-hip fracture Followed up at 2, 6 and 12-months post fracture |
Shyu 2009, Taiwan [10] | 147 | 77.9 years 67.3% female 49% illiterate | Gender, age, concomitant illnesses, prefracture performance of ADLs, education, emotional-social support, and cognitive status. | Geriatric Depression Scale-Chinese version | 2001–2003 Baseline = prior to discharge Followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge |
Van der Ree, 2020, Netherlands [14] | 570 | 78.4 years 393 females 46.3% frail 3.7% had early-onset dementia | Age, gender, ASA, Prefracture residential status, Fracture type, LOS, Discharge location, Pre-fracture health status, Pre-fracture frailty | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | 2015–2016 Baseline = 1 week after hip fracture. Followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after hip fracture. |
Voshaar 2007, the Netherlands [35] | 139 | 80.7 years 77% women | Pain, fear of falling, anxiety, functional outcomes | Geriatric Depression Scale, The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | Baseline = not described Followed up at six weeks, three months, and six months |