Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
|  | Overall (n = 6891) | Fallers (n = 479) | Non-fallers (n = 6412) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 71.4 ± 7.4 | 73.7 ± 7.1 | 71.2 ± 7.4 | < 0.001 |
Age group | ||||
 55–64 years | 1422 (20.6) | 56 (11.7) | 1366 (21.3) | < 0.001 |
 65–74 years | 2970 (43.1) | 199 (41.5) | 2771 (43.2) |  |
 75–79 years | 1571 (22.8) | 133 (27.8) | 1438 (22.4) |  |
  > =80 years | 928 (13.5) | 91 (19.0) | 837 (13.1) |  |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 2732 (39.6) | 152 (31.7) | 2580 (40.2) | < 0.001 |
 Female | 4159 (60.4) | 327 (68.3) | 3832 (59.8) |  |
Education level | ||||
 Primary school or lower | 2560 (37.5) | 195 (41.1) | 2365 (37.3) | 0.224 |
 Middle or high school | 3343 (49.0) | 216 (45.5) | 3127 (49.3) |  |
 University or higher | 915 (13.4) | 64 (13.5) | 851 (13.4) |  |
Occupation | ||||
 Unemployed | 2237 (32.8) | 167 (35.2) | 2070 (32.6) | 0.088 |
 Worker or farmer | 3355 (49.2) | 211 (44.4) | 3144 (49.5) |  |
 Professional technician or others | 1229 (18.0) | 97 (20.4) | 1132 (17.8) |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Married or partnered | 5590 (81.2) | 351 (73.3) | 5239 (81.7) | < 0.001 |
 Never married or non-partnered | 1298 (18.8) | 128 (26.7) | 1170 (18.3) |  |
Residence type | ||||
 Living with others | 6389 (92.8) | 429 (89.6) | 5960 (93.0) | 0.007 |
 Living alone | 499 (7.2) | 50 (10.4) | 449 (7.0) |  |
Average monthly household income | ||||
  < 3000 yuan | 5176 (80.2) | 349 (78.1) | 4827 (80.3) | 0.275 |
  > =3000 yuan | 1280 (19.8) | 98 (21.9) | 1182 (19.7) |  |
Smoking status | ||||
 Never or former smoking | 6126 (88.9) | 426 (88.9) | 5700 (88.9) | 0.999 |
 Current smoking | 765 (11.1) | 53 (11.1) | 712 (11.1) |  |
Drinking status | ||||
 Never or former smoking | 6013 (87.3) | 423 (88.3) | 5590 (87.2) | 0.520 |
 Current drinking | 878 (12.7) | 56 (11.7) | 822 (12.8) |  |
Physical activity | ||||
  < = 30 min/day | 1662 (24.1) | 127 (26.5) | 1535 (23.9) | 0.224 |
  > 30 min /day | 5229 (75.9) | 352 (73.5) | 4877 (76.1) |  |
Protein intake | ||||
 Low | 1979 (28.7) | 141 (29.4) | 1838 (28.7) | 0.758 |
 High | 4912 (71.3) | 338 (70.6) | 4574 (71.3) |  |
Fruits and vegetables intake | ||||
 Low | 1025 (14.9) | 49 (10.2) | 976 (15.2) | 0.004 |
 High | 5866 (85.1) | 430 (89.8) | 5436 (84.8) |  |
Sleeping habits | ||||
  > = 6 h | 5720 (83.0) | 349 (72.9) | 5371 (83.8) | < 0.001 |
  < 6 h | 1171 (17.0) | 130 (27.1) | 1041 (16.2) |  |
Family history of parkinsonism or dementia | 50 (0.7) | 5 (1.1) | 45 (0.7) | 0.560 |
 Fear of falling | 1896 (27.5) | 271 (56.6) | 1625 (25.3) | < 0.001 |
 Fall history | 442 (6.5) | 80 (16.9) | 362 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
 Overweight or obese | 4144 (60.1) | 291 (60.8) | 3853 (60.1) | 0.813 |
 Stroke | 962 (14.0) | 104 (21.7) | 858 (13.4) | < 0.001 |
 CHD | 2019 (29.3) | 175 (36.5) | 1844 (28.8) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 4613 (66.9) | 325 (67.8) | 4288 (66.9) | 0.699 |
 Diabetes | 2755 (40.0) | 211 (44.1) | 2544 (39.7) | 0.066 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 3940 (57.2) | 300 (62.6) | 3640 (56.8) | 0.014 |
 Hyperuricemia | 1476 (21.4) | 126 (26.3) | 1350 (21.1) | 0.008 |
 Visual impairment | 67 (1.0) | 11 (2.4) | 56 (0.9) | 0.005 |
 Hunchback | 2232 (33.0) | 258 (54.8) | 1974 (31.3) | < 0.001 |
 pRBD | 210 (3.0) | 31 (6.5) | 179 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
 Cognitive impairment | 669 (9.8) | 90 (19.0) | 579 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
 Depression | 371 (5.4) | 56 (11.9) | 315 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
ADL score | ||||
 Barthel index = 100 | 940 (13.9) | 136 (29.0) | 804 (12.8) | < 0.001 |
 Barthel index < 100 | 5808 (86.1) | 333 (71.0) | 5475 (87.2) |  |
IADL score | ||||
 8–16 | 6447 (95.5) | 405 (86.4) | 6042 (96.2) | < 0.001 |
 16–24 | 192 (2.8) | 39 (8.3) | 153 (2.4) |  |
 24–32 | 109 (1.6) | 25 (5.3) | 84 (1.3) |  |
Gait and balance impairment | 270 (3.9) | 47 (10.0) | 223 (3.5) | < 0.001 |