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Table 3 Associations between perceived discrimination and health indicators

From: Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults in India: results of a national survey in 2017–2018

Outcome variables

Response format

Perceived discrimination

Model 1: adjusted odds ratio or exp. (Coef.) (95% CI)a

Model 2: adjusted odds ratio, IRR, or exp. (Coef.) (95% CI)b

Mental health

 Low life satisfaction

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

2.11 (1.73, 2.58)***

1.47 (1.28, 1.68)***

Severe

2.48 (2.13, 2.89)***

1.42 (1.20, 1.67)***

 Cognitive functioning

Scale

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Moderate

0.39 (0.28, 0.54)***

0.60 (0.49, 0.74)***

Severe

0.29 (0.20, 0.42)***

0.71 (0.55, 0.93)*

 Insomnia symptoms

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.73 (1.50, 2.00)***

1.45 (1.25, 1.57)***

Severe

2.15 (1.84, 2.51)***

1.43 (1.22, 1.69)***

 Depressive symptoms

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.91 (1.64, 2.22)***

1.40 (1.18, 1.65)***

Severe

5.02 (4.47, 6.62)***

4.14 (3.62, 4.74)***

Physical health

 Number of pain conditions

Count

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Moderate

1.20 (1.08, 1.32)***

1.06 (1.00, 1.12)*

Severe

1.36 (1.30, 1.44)***

1.19 (1.13, 1.26)***

 Number of cardiovascular conditions

Count

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Moderate

0.94 (0.87, 1.01)

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

Severe

1.01 (0.94, 1.09)

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

 Chronic lung disease

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.24 (0.97, 1.58)

1.21 (0.93, 1.57)

Severe

1.08 (0.88, 1.31)

1.01 (0.83, 1.23)

 Functional limitationsc

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.75 (1.53, 2.01)***

1.55 (1.35, 1.78)***

Severe

1.44 (1.25, 1.65)***

1.15 (1.00, 1.33)*

Health risk behaviour

 Current tobacco smoking

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.04 (0.87, 1.26)

1.01 (0.87, 1.16)

Severe

1.29 (1.11, 1.49)***

1.13 (0.97, 1.33)

 Heavy episodic drinking

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.29 (0.99, 1.67)

1.31 (1.01, 1.70)*

Severe

2.05 (1.33, 3.15)***

1.66 (1.25, 2.20)***

 Physical inactivity

No

No

1 Reference

1 Reference

Yes

Moderate

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

Severe

1.67 (1.44, 1.94)***

1.61 (1.37, 1.89)***

  1. CI Confidence Interval; ***p < 0.001;**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; aAdjusted for age group, and sex, bAdjusted for age group, sex, education, marital status, subjective socioeconomic status, area of residence, caste/tribe, social participation, organised religiosity, and all other variables in the table; cDifficulties with two or more Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), IRR Incident Risk Ratio
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BMC Geriatrics

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