Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to cognitive frailty status

Age (years)^*

67.8 ± 5.9

66.4 ± 4.9

68.1 ± 6.1^a

71.9 ± 6.4^b

67.1 ± 5.6

70.6 ± 6.9^d

Age (years) (n, %)

 60–69

2700 (66.0)

1279 (76.3)

990 (63.7)^a

60 (38.0)^b

146 (66.1)^c

225 (46.6)^d

 70–79

1205 (29.4)

375 (22.4)

485 (31.2)^a

74 (47.0)^b

66 (29.9)^c

205 (42.4)^d

  ≥ 80

188 (4.6)

22 (1.3)

80 (5.1)^a

24 (15.2)^b

9 (4.1)^c

53 (11.0)^d

Gender (n, %)

 Males

1708 (41.7)

728 (43.4)

723 (46.5)

83 (52.5)^b

51 (23.1)^c

123 (25.5)^d

 Females

2385 (58.3)

948 (56.6)

832 (53.5)

75 (47.5)^b

170 (76.9)^c

360 (74.5)^d

Ethnicity (n, %)

 Han

1546 (37.8)

699 (41.7)

621 (39.9)

55 (34.8)

51 (23.1)^c

120 (24.8)^d

 Tibetan

691 (16.9)

243 (14.50)

262 (16.9)

42 (26.6)^b

35 (15.8)

109 (22.6)^d

 Qiang

862 (21.1)

449 (26.8)

264 (17.0)^a

6 (3.8)^b

69 (31.2)

74 (15.3)^d

 Others

994 (24.3)

285 (17.0)

408 (26.2)^a

55 (34.8)^b

66 (29.9)^c

180 (37.3)^d

Education (n, %)

 Illiterate

1381 (33.7)

409 (24.4)

479 (30.8)^a

54 (34.2)

140 (63.4)^c

299 (61.1)^d

 Primary school

1563 (38.2)

684 (40.8)

655 (42.1)^a

55 (34.8)

54 (24.4)^c

115 (23.9)^d

 Secondary school and above

1149 (28.1)

583 (34.8)

421 (27.1)

49 (31.0)

27 (12.2)^c

69 (14.3)^d

Marital status (n, %)

 Married

3223 (78.7)

1398 (83.4)

1224 (78.7)^a

106 (67.1)^b

175 (79.2)

320 (66.3)^d

 single

870 (21.3)

278 (16.6)

331 (21.3)^a

52 (32.9)^b

46 (20.8)

163 (33.7)^d

Smoking history (n, %)

 No

3209 (78.8)

1290 (77.2)

1191 (77.1)

123 (78.3)

192 (87.3)^c

413 (86.0)^d

 Yes

863 (21.3)

381 (22.8)

353 (22.9)

34 (21.7)

28 (12.7)^c

67 (14.0)^d

Drinking history (n, %)

 No

2973 (72.7)

1160 (69.2)

1129 (72.7)^a

127 (80.4)^b

163 (73.8)

394 (81.6)^d

 Yes

1119 (27.4)

516 (30.8)

425 (27.3)^a

31 (19.6)^b

58 (26.2)

89 (18.4)^d

Number of chronic disease (n, %)

 0

2099 (51.3)

922 (55.0)

750 (48.2)^a

67 (42.4)^b

120 (54.3)

240 (49.7)^d

 1

897 (21.9)

386 (23.0)

342 (22.0)

27 (17.1)

50 (22.6)

92 (19.1)

  ≥ 2

1097 (26.8)

368 (22.0)

463 (30.0)^a

64 (40.5)^b

51 (23.1)

151 (31.3)^d

Depression (n, %)

 No

3292 (80.4)

1449 (86.5)

1257 (80.8)^a

114 (72.2)^b

170 (76.9)^c

302 (62.5)^d

 Yes

800 (19.6)

226 (13.5)

298 (19.2)^a

44 (27.8)^b

51 (23.1)^c

181 (37.5)^d

Sleep duration (n, %)

  < 6 h

485 (11.9)

189 (11.2)

209 (13.4)

20 (12.7)

20 (9.1)

47 (9.7)

 6–8 h

2698 (66.0)

1175 (70.1)

1014 (65.2)^a

93 (58.9)^b

142 (64.3)

274 (56.7)^d

  ≥ 9 h

910 (22.2)

312 (18.6)

332 (21.4)

45 (28.5)^b

59 (26.7)^c

162 (33.5)^d