Longitudinal association between physical activity and health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults: a longitudinal study of Urban Health Centres Europe (UHCE)

Table 3 Multivariate linear regression models (baseline frequency of physical activity and follow-up scores of physical and mental health related quality of life)

Baseline frequency of PA	12-month follow-up Physical HRQoL score		12-month follow-up Mental HRQoL score
Baseline frequency of PA	Crude Model ^a	Adjusted Model ^b	Crude Model ^c	Adjusted Model ^d
Regular frequency	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Low frequency	−2.46^***	−1.99^***	− 2.26^***	− 1.64^**
Adjusted R square, %	50.8	53.0	43.5	44.9

Note: Regular frequency = more than once a week; Low frequency = once a week or less; Increased frequency = from low to regular frequency; Decreased frequency = from regular to low frequency
Abbreviations: PA = physical activity; HRQoL = health-related quality of life
^a Crude Model: adjusted for country and baseline physical HRQoL score
^b Adjusted Model: adjusted for country, baseline physical HRQoL score as well as covariates including age, gender, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi-morbidity, frailty and intervention condition
^c Crude Model: adjusted for country and baseline mental HRQoL score
^d Adjusted Model: adjusted for country, baseline mental HRQoL score as well as covariates including age, gender, education level, living situation, smoking, alcohol risk, multi-morbidity, frailty and intervention condition
^*p < .05, ^**p < .01, ^***p < .001, significant effect estimates in bold

ISSN: 1471-2318