The structural equation modeling of personal aspects, environmental aspects, and happiness among older adults living alone: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 General Characteristics of Subjects (N = 2768)

Characteristics	Categories	n	%	M ± SD	Range	Skewness	Kurtosis
Gender	Male	605	21.9
Gender	Female	2163	78.1
Age (years)	65–69	682	24.6	74.89 ± 6.43	65–100
	70–74	701	25.3
	75–79	719	26.0
	Over 80	666	24.1
Education	Illiteracy	502	18.1
	Elementary school	1158	41.8
	Middle school	455	16.4
	High school	434	15.7
	College	43	1.6
	University	141	5.1
	≥Graduate school	26	1.0
	No response	9	0.3
Occupation	Housewife	1158	41.8
	Blue collar	404	14.6
	Service/marketing	126	4.6
	Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing	35	1.3
	Specialized job	29	1.0
	White collar	19	0.7
	Not occupied	997	36.0
Marital status	Widow	2173	78.5
	Divorced	280	10.1
	Separated	120	4.3
	Married	114	4.1
	Single	76	2.8
	No response	5	0.2
Basic livelihood	Yes	467	16.9
recipient	Not now, but in the past	39	1.4
	No	2260	81.6
	No response	2	0.1
Monthly income (10,000 won¹)	< 50	924	33.4
	50–99	1216	43.9
	100–199	436	15.8
	≥200	186	6.7
	No response	6	0.2
Exogenous Variables (Total Score)				M ± SD	Range	Skewness	Kurtosis
Participation in social activities (4)				2.60 ± 0.69	2–4	0.72	− 0.67
Participation in religious and philanthropic activities (4)				2.48 ± 0.57	2–4	−0.70	−0.50
Satisfaction with the physical neighborhood environment (6)				5.50 ± 0.84	3–6	−1.65	1.80
Satisfaction with the social neighborhood environment (6)				5.20 ± 0.91	3–6	−0.81	−0.42
Satisfaction with the condition of public services (4)				3.68 ± 0.64	2–4	−1.77	1.72
Endogenous Variables (Total Score)				M ± SD	Range	Skewness	Kurtosis
Subjective health status (5)				2.58 ± 0.94	1–5	0.14	−0.47
Happiness (10)				6.23 ± 2.10	1–10	−0.10	−0.20

ISSN: 1471-2318