Table 4 Regression model estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), Gamma distribution
From: Pain-related health care costs for long-term care residents
| Â | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total cost including LTC cost | Total cost excluding LTC cost | |||
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | |
Intercept | 5.6494 (5.6352, 5.6637) | 5.6306 (5.5945, 5.6666) | 4.117 (4.2073, 4.2067) | 3.2628 (2.99, 3.5356) |
Clinically significant pain (ref: No pain/Non-daily mild pain) | -0.0160 (-0.0341, 0.0022) | -0.0176 (-0.0356, 0.0003) | -0.1983 (-0.3152, 0.0813) | -0.1538 (-0.2801, -0.0276) |
Time | -0.0004 (-0.0004, -0.0003) | -0.0003 (-0.0003, -0.0003) | -0.0034 (-0.0037, -0.0032) | -0.0031 (-0.0033, -0.0027) |
Pain group x time | 0.0001 (0.0001, 0.0002) | 0.0001 (0.0001, 0.0002) | 0.0014 (0.001, 0.0018) | 0.0011 (0.0007, 0.0015) |
Age (ref: 65-74) | ||||
 75-79 |  | -0.0112 (-0.0268, 0.0043) |  | -0.0584 (-0.1477, 0.0308) |
 80-84 |  | -0.0236 (-0.0379, -0.0093) |  | -0.1268 (-0.2103, -0.0433) |
 85-89 |  | -0.0306 (-0.0446, -0.0116) |  | -0.18 (-0.2625, -0.0976) |
 90-94 |  | -0.0362 (-0.0507, -0.0217) |  | -0.2326 (-0.3299, -0.1423) |
 95+ |  | -0.0585 (-0.0734, -0.0436) |  | -0.441 (-0.5466, -0.3416) |
Sex: (ref: female) Male | Â | 0.0052 (0.0008, 0.0112) | Â | 0.0898 (0.0452, 0.1344) |
Location of residence (ref: Urban) Rural | Â | -0.0043 (-0.0098, 0.0012) | Â | -0.0507 (-0.0953, 0.0061) |
Charlson comorbidity index score (ref: 3+) | ||||
 0 |  | -0.0103 (-0.0155, -0.0051) |  | -0.0336 (-0.0785, 0.0114) |
 1 |  | -0.01 (-0.0146, -0.0054) |  | -0.0683 (-0.1052, -0.0315) |
 2 |  | -0.0005 (-0.0062, 0.0053) |  | -0.0103 (-0.0503, 0.0296) |
Prior health care cost | Â | 0.0047 (0.0019, 0.0074) | Â | 0.0978 (0.0772, 0.1183) |
Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) (ref: 0) | ||||
 1 |  | -0.0079 (-0.0207, 0.005) |  | -0.0814 (-0.1684, 0.0057) |
 2 |  | -0.026 (-0.0376, -0.0144) |  | -0.1716 (-0.2557, -0.0876) |
 3 |  | -0.0273 (-0.0389, -0.0157) |  | -0.233 (-0.3141,-0.1519) |
 4 |  | -0.0277 (-0.0429, -0.0125) |  | -0.1946 (-0.3153, -0.0739) |
 5 |  | -0.0246 (-0.0375, -0.0118) |  | -0.232 (-0.3253, -0.1388) |
 6 |  | -0.0388 (-0.0552, -0.0225) |  | -0.3097 (-0.4444, -0.175) |
Activities of Daily Living (ADL): (ref: 0-7) | ||||
 8-14 |  | -0.0025 (-0.0105, 0.0055) |  | -0.0039 (-0.0641, 0.0562) |
 15-21 |  | -0.0116 (-0.0191, -0.004) |  | -0.0923 (-0.1509, -0.0338) |
 22-28 |  | -0.0115 (-0.021, -0.0021) |  | -0.1043 (-0.1733, -0.0353) |
Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease and Signs and Symptoms (CHESS) (ref: 0) | ||||
 1 |  | 0.0109 (0.0037, 0.0181) |  | 0.0806 (0.0261, 0.1352) |
 2 |  | 0.0115 (0.0042, 0.0188) |  | 0.0882 (0.0333, 0.1431 |
 3-5 |  | 0.017 (0.0075, 0.0265) |  | 0.1249 (0.0559, 0.194) |
Long term care facility type (ref: Integrated) | ||||
 Special care homes |  | 0.0687 (0.0378, 0.0996) |  | 0.4425 (0.2966, 0.6253) |
 Hospital/Special Care home |  | -0.0071 (-0.0182, 0.004) |  | -0.0324 (-0.1306, 0.0658) |