Longitudinal impact of oral health on geriatric syndromes and clinical outcomes in community-dwelling older adults

Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to self-reported oral health

	Good^a	Fair^a	Poor^a	P-value	P-for trend
Variables	(N = 597)	(N = 406)	(N = 186)
Gender (men)	255 (42.7 %)	200 (49.3 %)	69 (37.1 %)	0.014	0.699
Age (years)	73.6 ± 5.9	75.8 ± 6.0	78.0 ± 6.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Living alone	144 (24.1 %)	130 (32.0 %)	63 (33.9 %)	0.005	0.002
Education level (years)	6.6 ± 4.0	5.8 ± 3.5	4.9 ± 3.1	< 0.001	< 0.001
Medical aid(monthly income < USD 500)	33 (5.5 %)	35 (8.6 %)	22 (11.8 %)	0.011	0.003
BMI (kg/m²)	25.0 ± 3.3	24.7 ± 3.7	24.8 ± 3.2	0.184	0.184
Multimorbidity	284 (47.6 %)	213 (52.5 %)	118 (63.4 %)	0.001	< 0.001
Hypertension	336 (56.3 %)	238 (58.6 %)	123 (66.1 %)	0.059
Arthralgia	268 (44.9 %)	201 (49.5 %)	113 (60.8 %)	0.001
Diabetes	111 (18.6 %)	73 (18.0 %)	55 (29.6 %)	0.002
Heart failure	37 (6.2 %)	24 (5.9 %)	17 (9.1 %)	0.297
Malignancy	28 (4.7 %)	25 (6.2 %)	13 (7.0 %)	0.394
Polypharmacy	113 (18.9 %)	93 (22.9 %)	64 (34.4 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cognitive dysfunction by MMSE	170 (28.5 %)	148 (36.5 %)	101 (54.3 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Depression by CES-D	298 (49.9 %)	248 (61.1 %)	146 (78.5 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001
SPPB score	8.7 ± 2.4	8.3 ± 2.4	7.2 ± 2.7	< 0.001	< 0.001
Malnutrition by MNA-SF	158 (26.5 %)	142 (35.0 %)	92 (49.5 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001
SMI (kg/m²)	16.1 ± 3.9	15.8 ± 4.3	14.6 ± 3.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
Frailty status by CHS				< 0.001	< 0.001
Robust	108 (18.1 %)	58 (14.3 %)	17 (9.1 %)
Prefrail	401 (67.2 %)	259 (63.8 %)	109 (58.6 %)
Frail	88 (14.7 %)	89 (21.9 %)	60 (32.3 %)
ADL disability	75 (12.6 %)	86 (21.2 %)	52 (28.0 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001
IADL disability	119 (19.9 %)	121 (29.8 %)	77 (41.4 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Fall in the past year	102 (17.1 %)	93 (22.9 %)	56 (30.1 %)	< 0.001	< 0.001

Data presented as means ± standard deviations or numbers (%)
^aAccording to the oral health item score, the groups were defined as good (3), fair (4–7), and poor (8–15)
ADL activities of daily living; BMI body mass index; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; CHS Cardiovascular Health Study; IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; MNA-SF Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; SMI Skeletal Muscle Index; SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery

ISSN: 1471-2318