Table 1 Baseline characteristics of community-dwelling older persons of the Urban Health Centres Europe for total study sample (n = 2289) and according to overall frailty
|  | Total (n = 2289) | Frailty | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 1022, 44.6%) | Yes (n = 1267, 55.4%) | P-value | ||
Age (years) | 79.7 ± 5.7 | 78.8 ± 5.4 | 80.5 ± 5.7 | < 0.001a |
Sex, female | 1379(60.4%) | 503(49.3%) | 876 (69.4%) | < 0.001b |
Country | ||||
 Spain | 500 (21.8%) | 252 (24.7%) | 248 (19.6%) | < 0.001b |
 Greece | 363 (15.9%) | 133 (13.0%) | 230 (18.2%) | |
 Croatia | 490 (21.4%) | 126 (12.3%) | 364 (28.7%) | |
 The Netherlands | 373 (16.3%) | 213 (20.8%) | 160 (12.6%) | |
 United Kingdom | 563 (24.6%) | 298 (29.2%) | 265 (20.9%) | |
Migration background, yes | 194 (8.50%) | 81 (7.90%) | 113 (8.90%) | 0.396b |
Education level | ||||
 Primary or less | 621 (27.5%) | 245 (24.3%) | 376 (30.0%) | < 0.001b |
 Secondary or equivalent | 1430 (63.2%) | 646 (64.0%) | 784 (62.6%) | |
 Tertiary or higher | 211 (9.30%) | 119 (11.8%) | 92 (7.30%) | |
Household composition, living alone | 876 (38.4%) | 288 (28.3%) | 588 (46.6%) | < 0.001b |
Alcohol risk, yes | 582 (26.8%) | 340 (34.6%) | 242 (20.3%) | < 0.001b |
Physical activity | ||||
 More than once a week | 1628 (71.8%) | 883 (87.2%) | 745 (59.4%) | < 0.001b |
 Once a week or less | 640 (28.2%) | 130(12.8%) | 510(40.6%) | |
Smoking, yes | 175 (7.70%) | 74 (7.30%) | 101 (8.00%) | 0.528b |
Multi-morbidity, yes | 2083(91.1%) | 868 (85.1%) | 1215 (95.9) | < 0.001b |
Medication risk (MRQ-10; score) | 4.40 ± 1.64 | 4.06 ± 1.51 | 4.67 ± 1.68 | < 0.001b |
Malnutrition (SNAQ-65+), yes | 356 (15.6) | 76 (7.5%) | 280 (22.3%) | < 0.001 b |