Table 3 Bivariate and logistic regression estimates for cognitive impairment by background characteristics among older adults in India

Depression

*

  No

13.23

Ref.

  Yes

18.26

1.224** (1.015–1.476)

Place of residence

*

  Urban

6.69

Ref.

  Rural

16.67

2.120*** (1.732–2.595)

Age (in years)

*

  Young old (60–69)

10.03

Ref.

Ref.

  Old old (70–79)

16.77

1.635*** (1.395–1.916)

1.634*** (1.395–1.915)

  Oldest old (80+)

27.76

2.922*** (2.396–3.564)

2.921*** (2.396–3.562)

Sex

*

  Male

7.14

Ref.

Ref.

  Female

20.03

2.264*** (1.947–2.634)

2.266*** (1.948–2.636)

Marital status

*

  Currently in union

9.68

Ref.

Ref.

  Not in union

20.77

1.536*** (1.307–1.806)

1.536*** (1.306–1.805)

Living arrangement

*

  Alone

19.07

Ref.

Ref.

  With spouse

11.92

1.605*** (1.191–2.163)

1.604*** (1.190–2.162)

  Others

13.73

1.174 (0.927–1.487)

1.174 (0.927–1.487)

Working status

*

  Never/Not working

17.08

Ref.

Ref.

  Currently working

9.98

0.773*** (0.662–0.903)

0.773*** (0.662–0.903)

  Retired

2.24

0.526*** (0.333–0.833)

0.527*** (0.333–0.833)

Community involvement

  No

14.12

*

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

5.24

0.604*** (0.433–0.842)

0.603*** (0.432–0.842)

Physical activity

  No

14.87

*

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

6.85

0.741* (0.536–1.025)

0.740* (0.535–1.025)

Educational status

*

  No/primary education

18.79

Ref.

Ref.

  Secondary

1.05

0.0879*** (0.0600–0.129)

0.0881*** (0.0601–0.129)

  Higher

0.42

0.0616*** (0.0254–0.149)

0.0616*** (0.0254–0.149)

MPCE quintile

*

  Poorest

18.55

Ref.

Ref.

  Poorer

15.75

0.905 (0.757–1.082)

0.906 (0.758–1.082)

  Middle

12.46

0.716*** (0.600–0.853)

0.716*** (0.601–0.854)

  Richer

10.88

0.645*** (0.530–0.785)

0.645*** (0.530–0.786)

  Richest

9.81

0.678*** (0.513–0.896)

0.679*** (0.514–0.897)

Religion

*

  Hindu

13.37

Ref.

Ref.

  Muslim

14.62

1.261* (1.007–1.579)

0.892 (0.714–1.113)

  Others

15.72

1.121 (0.898–1.399)

1.127 (0.837–1.515)

Caste

*

  SC/ST

19.74

Ref.

Ref.

  OBC

12.03

0.643*** (0.554–0.747)

1.464*** (1.230–1.742)

  Others

10.8

0.683*** (0.574–0.813)

0.941 (0.789–1.123)

Region

*

  North

13.02

Ref.

Ref.

  Central

14.27

1.007 (0.823–1.234)

1.009 (0.824–1.235)

  East

14.78

1.099 (0.906–1.333)

1.100 (0.907–1.334)

  Northeast

15.35

1.317** (1.061–1.635)

1.317** (1.061–1.635)

  West

10.97

0.974 (0.781–1.213)

0.975 (0.782–1.214)

  South

15.02

1.541*** (1.256–1.892)

1.542*** (1.257–1.893)

Depression # Place of residence

  No # Urban

Ref.

  Yes # Urban

1.390 (0.818–2.362)

  No # Rural

2.148*** (1.729–2.668)

  Yes # Rural

2.579*** (1.951–3.409)

Total

13.66