Table 1 Features of participants with diabetic kidney disease without and with different severities of frailty

Baseline clinical profiles

Age (years)

59.6 ± 14.0

52.5 ± 12.4

62.9 ± 13.3

65.9 ± 12.9

69.9 ± 12.5

< 0.001

Sex (Female %)

24,240 (30.3)

7,528 (26.1)

12,939 (32.2)

3,560 (34.9)

213 (32.8)

< 0.001

Obesity (%)

1,397 (1.8)

496 (1.7)

727 (1.8)

169 (1.7)

5 (0.8)

0.167

Alcoholism (%)

1,161 (1.5)

435 (1.5)

540 (1.3)

166 (1.6)

20 (3.1)

< 0.001

Smoking (%)

667 (0.8)

208 (0.7)

334 (0.8)

115 (1.1)

10 (1.5)

< 0.001

Diabetic severity^a

0.8 ± 1.2

0.5 ± 0.9

1.0 ± 1.3

1.2 ± 1.4

1.5 ± 1.4

< 0.001

Morbidity profile

Hypertension (%)

55,620 (69.6)

11,667 (40.5)

34,242 (85.2)

9,129 (89.6)

582 (89.5)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia (%)

43,179 (54.1)

14,205 (49.3)

22,589 (56.2)

6,029 (59.2)

356 (54.8)

< 0.001

ACS (%)

21,019 (26.3)

2,411 (8.4)

13,927 (34.6)

4,356 (42.8)

325 (50.0)

< 0.001

Atrial fibrillation (%)

10,544 (13.2)

1,271 (4.4)

6,765 (16.8)

2,328 (22.9)

180 (27.7)

< 0.001

PVD (%)

2,208 (2.8)

393 (1.4)

1,264 (3.1)

516 (5.1)

35 (5.4)

< 0.001

Cerebrovascular disease (%)

14,225 (17.8)

294 (1.0)

10,372 (25.8)

3,266 (32.1)

293 (45.1)

< 0.001

Heart failure (%)

8,072 (10.1)

161 (0.6)

5,979 (14.9)

1,792 (17.6)

140 (21.5)

< 0.001

COPD (%)

11,831 (14.8)

410 (1.4)

8,238 (20.5)

2,930 (28.8)

253 (38.9)

< 0.001

Malignancy (%)

6,528 (8.2)

685 (2.4)

4,385 (10.9)

1,347 (13.2)

111 (17.1)

< 0.001

Chronic liver disease (%)

30,130 (37.7)

9,684 (33.6)

15,229 (37.9)

4,888 (48.0)

329 (50.6)

< 0.001

Stage 5 CKD (%)

1,401 (1.8)

350 (1.2)

838 (2.1)

203 (2.0)

10 (1.5)

< 0.001

Parkinsonism (%)

1,239 (1.6)

99 (0.3)

748 (1.9)

337 (3.3)

55 (8.5)

< 0.001

Mental disorders (%)

13,792 (17.3)

2,669 (9.3)

7,809 (19.4)

3,059 (30.0)

255 (39.2)

< 0.001

Osteoarthritis (any site) (%)

25,665 (32.1)

3,952 (13.7)

15,897 (39.5)

5,384 (52.8)

432 (66.5)

< 0.001

Gout (%)

24,840 (31.1)

6,146 (21.3)

14,212 (35.3)

4,201 (41.2)

281 (43.2)

< 0.001

Hypoglycemia events (%)

204 (0.3)

37 (0.1)

109 (0.3)

52 (0.5)

5 (0.8)

< 0.001

CCI

3.3 ± 2.1

2.4 ± 1.4

3.7 ± 2.1

4.3 ± 2.3

5.1 ± 2.5

< 0.001

Concomitant medications

ACEi (%)

27,459 (34.4)

8,596 (29.8)

14,888 (37.0)

3,751 (36.8)

224 (34.5)

< 0.001

Allopurinol (%)

5,090 (6.4)

1,216 (4.2)

3,013 (7.5)

805 (7.9)

56 (8.6)

< 0.001

Anti-depressants (%)

14,294 (17.9)

3,852 (13.4)

7,792 (19.4)

2,493 (24.5)

157 (24.2)

< 0.001

Anti-psychotics (%)

17,513 (21.9)

4,972 (17.2)

9,331 (23.2)

2,987 (29.3)

223 (34.3)

< 0.001

ARB (%)

38,331 (48.0)

11,298 (39.2)

21,549 (53.6)

5,196 (51.0)

288 (44.3)

< 0.001

Aspirin (%)

31,476 (39.4)

7,866 (27.3)

18,473 (45.9)

4,843 (47.5)

294 (45.2)

< 0.001

Benzodiazepine (%)

37,876 (47.4)

11,004 (38.2)

20,499 (51.0)

5,997 (58.9)

376 (57.9)

< 0.001

β-blockers (%)

36,936 (46.2)

10,138 (35.2)

21,113 (52.5)

5,368 (52.7)

317 (48.8)

< 0.001

Clopidogrel (%)

5,905 (7.4)

1,029 (3.6)

3,852 (9.6)

968 (9.5)

56 (8.6)

< 0.001

COX-II inhibitor (%)

20,262 (25.4)

4,224 (14.7)

12,094 (30.1)

3,683 (36.2)

261 (40.2)

< 0.001

Fibrate (%)

16,717 (20.9)

6,431 (22.3)

8,209 (20.4)

1,979 (19.4)

98 (15.1)

< 0.001

NSAID (%)

70,560 (88.3)

25,140 (87.2)

35,772 (89.0)

9,096 (89.3)

552 (84.9)

< 0.001

Statin (%)

36,345 (45.5)

13,115 (45.5)

18,677 (46.4)

4,328 (42.5)

225 (34.6)

< 0.001

Warfarin (%)

2,172 (2.7)

335 (1.2)

1,465 (3.6)

349 (3.4)

23 (3.5)

< 0.001

Anti-diabetic medications

α-glucosidase inhibitor (%)

12,937 (16.2)

5,186 (18.0)

6,298 (15.7)

1,391 (13.7)

62 (9.5)

< 0.001

Biguanide (%)

44,897 (56.2)

18,501 (64.2)

21,211 (52.7)

4,945 (48.5)

240 (36.9)

< 0.001

DPP4 inhibitors (%)

8,324 (10.4)

3,753 (13.0)

3,784 (9.4)

755 (7.4)

32 (4.9)

< 0.001

Insulin (%)

9,990 (12.5)

4,152 (14.4)

4,665 (11.6)

1,110 (10.9)

63 (9.7)

< 0.001

Meglitinide (%)

9,966 (12.5)

3,815 (13.2)

4,967 (12.4)

1,121 (11.0)

63 (9.7)

< 0.001

Sulfonylurea (%)

42,621 (53.4)

17,628 (61.1)

20,123 (50.0)

4,646 (45.6)

224 (34.5)

< 0.001

Thiazolidinedione (%)

9,249 (11.6)

4,408 (15.3)

4,007 (10.0)

796 (7.8)

38 (5.9)

< 0.001

Major treatment procedures within 1 year

Coronary revascularization (%)

1,260 (1.6)

104 (0.4)

943 (2.3)

204 (2.0)

9 (1.4)

< 0.001

Cardiac surgery (any) (%)

2,116 (2.7)

161 (0.6)

1,562 (3.9)

372 (3.7)

21 (3.2)

< 0.001

Any hospitalization (%)

29,218 (36.6)

7,779 (27.0)

16,433 (40.9)

4,644 (45.6)

362 (55.7)

< 0.001