Table 1 Comparison of pain domains and items of American Geriatrics Society and PainChek®
Pain Behaviour Domains and Items | |
|---|---|
AGS[19] | PainChek® [26] |
Facial expression Slight frown; sad, frightened face Grimacing, wrinkled forehead, closed or tightened eyes Any distorted expression Rapid blinking | The Face (9 items based on FACS allowing automated analysis) Brow lowering (AU 4) Cheek raising (AU 6) Tightening of eyelids (AU7) Wrinkling of nose (AU 9) Raising upper lip (AU 10) Lulling of corner lip (AU 12) Horizontal mouth stretch (AU 20) Parting lips (AU 25) Closing eyes (AU 43) |
Vocalisation/Verbalisation Sighing, moaning, groaning Grunting, chanting, calling out Noisy breathing Asking for help Verbally abusive | The Voice (9 items) Noisy sounds e.g. ouch, ah Requesting help repeatedly Groaning Moaning Crying Screaming Loud talk Howling Sighing. |
Body movements Rigid, tense body posture, guarding Fidgeting Increased pacing, rocking Restricted movement Gait or mobility changes | The Movement (7 items) Altered or random leg/arm movement Restlessness Freezing Guarding/touching of body parts Moving away Abnormal sitting/standing/walking Pacing/wandering |
Changes in interpersonal interactions Aggressive, combative, resisting care Decreased social interactions Socially inappropriate, disruptive Withdrawn | The Behaviour (7 items) Introvert (unsocial) or altered behaviour Verbally offensive Aggressive Fear or extreme dislike of touch, people Inappropriate behaviour Confused Distressed behaviours. |
Changes in activity patterns or routines Refusing food, appetite change Increase in rest periods Sleep, rest pattern changes Sudden cessation of common routines Increased wandering | The Activity (4 items) Resisting care Prolonged resting Altered sleep Altered routine |
Mental status change Crying or tears Increased confusion Irritability or distress | The Body (6 items) Profuse sweating Pale/flushed (red faced) Feverish/cold Rapid breathing Painful injuries Painful medical conditions |