Table 7 Summary of previous studies on factor structure of the geriatric depression scale with 30 items

Parmele, 1989 [33]

EFA

417, nursing home and congregate apartment residents

6

(1) Dysphoria, (2) Worry, (3) Withdrawal/Apathy, (4) Vigor, (5) Decreased Concentration, (6)Anxiety

52.3 %

Sheikh, 1991 [45]

EFA

326, community-dwelling elderly, ages 66–72

5

(1) Sad mood and pessimistic outlook, (2) lack of mental and physical energy, (3) positive mood and optimism, (4) agitation or restlessness, (5) social withdrawal

42.9 %

Salamero, 1992 [28]

EFA

234, ages 60–95

9

(1) depressed mood, (2) Cognitive impairment, (3) social withdrawal and avoidance, (4)-(9) unnamed

59 %

Abraham, 1994 [35]

EFA,

with 26 items

917, nursing home residents, ages 71–97

6

(1) life dissatisfaction, (2) dysphoria, (3) hopelessness/decreased self-attitude, (4) rumination/anxiety, (5) social withdrawal/decreased motivation, (6) decreased cognition

55.1 %

Ertan, 2000^a [15]

EFA

276, community-dwelling Turkish elderly and patients with major depression, ages ≥ 60

7;

2

(1) general depressive mood and thought content, (2) life satisfaction, (3) cognitive impairment, (4) energy level, (5) daily outlook, (6) pessimistic view of future, (7) social withdrawal or avoidant behavior;

(1) depressive affect and thought content, (2) lack of interest and energy, decrease in performing social and personal activities, and impairment in concentration, memory, and decision-making ability

57.3 %;

36.1 %

Adams, 2001 [34]

EFA

272, Medicare First members of health maintenance organization (HMO), ages ≥ 65

6

(1) Dysphoria 1, (2) Withdrawal-Apathy and (Lack of) Vigor, (3) Anxiety, (4) Mental Impairment, (5) Dysphoria 2, (6) Agitation

50.4 %

Adams, 2004 [29]

CFA,

with 26 items

294, independent-living communities, ages 60–98

5

(1) Dysphoric Mood, (2) Withdrawal-Apathy-Lack of Vigor, (3) Anxiety or worry, (4) Cognitive impairment, (5) Hopelessness

-

Chau, 2006 [22]

CFA

253, patients following stroke, ages 72.65 ± 9.36 for female, 70.52 ± 11.04 for male

1

-

-

Bentz, 2008 [32]

EFA

158, geriatric inpatient unit patients, ages 65–101

5

(1) hopelessness, (2) social isolation, (3) negative affect, (4) irritability, (5) worry

44.4 %

He, 2008 [24]

EFA,

with 10 items

412, community-dwelling elderly in Hunan province, ages 60–92

6

unnamed

54.670 %

Pocinho, 2009 [17]

EFA,

with 27 items

660, Portuguese, ages 65–74

3

(1) Well-being/ill-being, (2) sad mood, (3) mental and physical problems

43.4 %

Hall, 2010 [37]

EFA

173, community-dwelling patients with cognitive impairment (clinical sample), ages ≥ 58

4

(1) Dysphoria, (2) Meaninglessness, (3) Apathy, (4) Cognitive impairment

38.3 %

Havins, 2012 [31]

EFA

569, probable AD patients, ages 39–93

4

(1) Apathy, (2) Dysphoria, (3) Social withdrawal, (4) Cognitive impairment

61.54 %

Liu, 2013 [25]

EFA, with 18 items

397, community-dwelling residents in Beijing, ages 60–97

8

unnamed

53.789 %

Zhang, 2016 [26]

EFA, CFA

420, community-dwelling residents in Sichuan province, ages ≥ 60

6

unnamed

46.848 %

Huang, 2017 [30]

EFA

240, very mild to moderate dementia patients

7

(1) Dysphoria, (2) Positive mood, (3) Apathy, (4) Hopelessness, (5) Social withdrawal, (6) Decreased concentration, (7) Cognitive impairment

59.31 %

He, 2018 [27]

EFA, CFA

1553, community-dwelling residents from three provinces in China, ages 60–99

3

(1) Depression, (2) Apathy, (3) Vigor

63.36 %