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Table 3 The association between a long-term food group consumption and frailty, stratified by sex

From: Sex differences in dietary consumption and its association with frailty among middle-aged and older Australians: a 10-year longitudinal survey

Long-term food grouping

Males

Relative Risk Ratio (RRR)

Crude model

Adjusted modela

Healthy

Pre-frail

Frail

Pre-frail

Frail

Vegetable

 +, + (N = 4018)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 35,302)

1

0.86 (0.80; 0.92)

0.67 (0.57; 0.79)

0.99 (0.91; 1.07)

0.96 (0.79; 1.16)

 +, − (N = 5415)

1

0.98 (0.90; 1.07)

0.94 (0.77; 1.15)

1.00 (0.90; 1.10)

1.05 (0.83; 1.32)

 -, + (N = 7640)

1

0.96 (0.88; 1.04)

0.82 (0.68; 1.00)

1.03 (0.93; 1.13)

1.08 (0.86; 1.35)

Fruit

 +, + (N = 19,046)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 14,128)

1

1.05 (1.00; 1.10)

1.31 (1.15; 1.48)

1.02 (0.97; 1.08)

1.06 (0.92; 1.23)

 +, − (N = 6526)

1

1.10 (1.04; 1.18)

1.45 (1.24; 1.69)

1.06 (0.99; 1.14)

1.22 (1.02; 1.45)

 -, + (N = 7395)

1

1.21 (1.14; 1.29)

1.49 (1.28; 1.72)

1.15 (1.07; 1.22)

1.29 (1.09; 1.53)

Grain

 +, + (N = 23,200)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 14,730)

1

1.00 (0.95; 1.04)

0.91 (0.81; 1.02)

1.13 (1.07; 1.19)

1.19 (1.03; 1.37)

 +, − (N = 5016)

1

1.01 (0.95; 1.08)

0.86 (0.72; 1.02)

1.12 (1.04; 1.21)

1.10 (0.90; 1.36)

 -, + (N = 4419)

1

1.23 (1.15; 1.32)

1.48 (1.26; 1.73)

1.32 (1.22; 1.43)

1.74 (1.44; 2.09)

Lean meats & poultry

 +, + (N = 19,663)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 13,944)

1

1.08 (1.03; 1.14)

1.16 (1.02; 1.30)

1.05 (1.00; 1.11)

1.00 (0.87; 1.15)

 +, − (N = 8757)

1

1.10 (1.04; 1.16)

1.38 (1.21; 1.58)

1.04 (0.97; 1.10)

1.11 (0.95; 1.30)

 -, + (N = 10,011)

1

1.08 (1.03; 1.14)

1.28 (1.12; 1.46)

1.07 (1.01; 1.13)

1.12 (0.96; 1.30)

Dairy

 +, + (N = 49,950)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 202)

1

1.18 (0.87; 1.59)

1.65 (0.89; 3.06)

1.16 (0.83; 1.63)

1.88 (0.97; 3.65)

 +, − (N = 1263)

1

1.37 (1.22; 1.54)

1.28 (0.96; 1.70)

1.23 (1.07; 1.41)

0.84 (0.59; 1.18)

 -, + (N = 960)

1

1.10 (0.96; 1.26)

0.94 (0.65; 1.35)

1.05 (0.89; 1.22)

0.89 (0.59; 1.35)

Food diversity

 +, + (N = 30,718)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 4821)

1

1.20 (1.12; 1.28)

1.49 (1.27; 1.74)

1.22 (1.13; 1.31)

1.50 (1.25; 1.80)

 +, − (N = 4127)

1

1.21 (1.13; 1.30)

1.38 (1.16; 1.64)

1.24 (1.14; 1.34)

1.27 (1.04; 1.56)

 -, + (N = 4375)

1

1.20 (1.12; 1.28)

1.42 (1.20; 1.68)

1.21 (1.12; 1.31)

1.32 (1.08; 1.61)

Alcohol consumption

 +, + (N = 8560)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 37,426)

1

0.68 (0.64; 0.71)

0.40 (0.36; 0.45)

0.73 (0.69; 0.77)

0.49 (0.43; 0.55)

 +, − (N = 1672)

1

0.85 (0.76; 0.95)

0.58 (0.44; 0.76)

0.89 (0.79; 1.02)

0.64 (0.46; 0.89)

 -, + (N = 3243)

1

1.37 (1.26; 1.49)

1.58 (1.35; 1.86)

1.28 (1.17; 1.41)

1.40 (1.16; 1.69)

Females

Vegetable

 +, + (N = 15,274)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 24,738)

1

1.04 (0.99; 1.08)

1.44 (1.30; 1.59)

1.03 (0.98; 1.08)

1.34 (1.19; 1.51)

 +, − (N = 9780)

1

1.08 (1.02; 1.14)

1.50 (1.33; 1.69)

1.02 (0.96; 1.09)

1.27 (1.10; 1.47)

 -, + (N = 10,872)

1

1.01 (0.95; 1.06)

1.14 (1.00; 1.29)

1.01 (0.96; 1.07)

1.10 (0.95; 1.28)

Fruit

 +, + (N = 32,170)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 10,167)

1

1.15 (1.09; 1.20)

1.47 (1.33; 1.63)

1.10 (1.04; 1.16)

1.29 (1.14; 1.46)

 +, − (N = 7490)

1

1.11 (1.05; 1.17)

1.60 (1.43; 1.79)

1.10 (1.04; 1.17)

1.49 (1.30; 1.70)

 -, + (N = 6627)

1

1.16 (1.10; 1.23)

1.55 (1.38; 1.75)

1.16 (1.09; 1.23)

1.60 (1.39; 1.84)

Grain

 +, + (N = 22,727)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 19,095)

1

0.93 (0.90; 0.97)

0.88 (0.80; 0.96)

1.10 (1.05; 1.15)

1.30 (1.16; 1.46)

 +, − (N = 7384)

1

1.00 (0.95; 1.06)

1.00 (0.88; 1.13)

1.15 (1.08; 1.22)

1.35 (1.17; 1.57)

 -, + (N = 5352)

1

1.03 (0.97; 1.10)

1.05 (0.91; 1.21)

1.13 (1.05; 1.22)

1.35 (1.15; 1.59)

Lean meats & poultry

 +, + (N = 22,408)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 17,020)

1

1.08 (1.03; 1.12)

1.22 (1.11; 1.34)

1.03 (0.98; 1.08)

1.10 (0.98; 1.23)

 +, − (N = 10,219)

1

1.16 (1.10; 1.22)

1.39 (1.25; 1.55)

1.09 (1.03; 1.26)

1.22 (1.07; 1.39)

 -, + (N = 11,017)

1

1.11 (1.06; 1.17)

1.19 (1.07; 1.33)

1.08 (1.02; 1.14)

1.11 (0.97; 1.26)

Dairy

 +, + (N = 58,143)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 199)

1

1.22 (0.91; 1.63)

1.25 (0.67; 2.32)

1.19 (0.85; 1.68)

1.53 (0.74; 3.15)

 +, − (N = 1164)

1

1.18 (1.04; 1.33)

1.04 (0.79; 1.38)

0.98 (0.85; 1.13)

0.60 (0.42; 0.85)

 -, + (N = 1158)

1

1.03 (0.91; 1.17)

1.36 (1.07; 1.74)

1.05 (0.91; 1.21)

1.39 (1.04; 1.85)

Food diversity

 +, + (N = 36,991)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 5380)

1

1.15 (1.08; 1.22)

1.33 (1.17; 1.52)

1.19 (1.11; 1.27)

1.42 (1.21; 1.66)

 +, − (N = 5434)

1

1.21 (1.14; 1.29)

1.57 (1.38; 1.78)

1.27 (1.19; 1.36)

1.67 (1.44; 1.94)

 -, + (N = 4425)

1

1.18 (1.10; 1.26)

1.53 (1.33; 1.76)

1.20 (1.12; 1.29)

1.56 (1.33; 1.84)

Alcohol consumption

 +, + (N = 18,935)

1

1

1

1

1

 -, − (N = 32,160)

1

0.56 (0.54; 0.58)

0.26 (0.24; 0.28)

0.63 (0.60; 0.66)

0.36 (0.32; 0.40)

 +, − (N = 2686)

1

0.74 (0.68; 0.80)

0.51 (0.42; 0.61)

0.78 (0.71; 0.86)

0.59 (0.47; 0.74)

 -, + (N = 4417)

1

0.95 (0.89; 1.12)

0.97 (0.85; 1.10)

0.97 (0.90; 1.05)

1.05 (0.90; 1.22)

  1. aafter adjustment of socioeconomic factors and health behaviour factors
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