Table 2 Results of the force-entry logistic regression model with all covariates

 Female

1.00 (0.87, 1.15)

0.86 (0.78, 0.96)**

  65–74

Ref

Ref

  75–84

1.08 (0.89, 1.31)

0.99 (0.86, 1.14)

  85+

1.21 (0.99, 1.48)

0.97 (0.84, 1.13)

  Never married/Widowed/Separated/Divorced/Other

0.89 (0.73, 1.09)

0.95 (0.76, 1.19)

  Married/Civil Union/Defacto

Ref

Ref

  Alone

Ref***

Ref

  With spouse/partner only

0.88 (0.61, 1.27)

1.40 (1.08, 1.83)*

  With spouse/partner and others

0.74 (0.52, 1.06)

1.27 (0.97, 1.66)

  With child

0.61 (0.47, 0.79)***

1.02 (0.77, 1.35)

 Perceived to be better-off living elsewhere

2.76 (2.40, 3.17)***

5.68 (5.09, 6.34)***

 Stay in hospital within 7 days

0.95 (0.78, 1.15)

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

  Adequate

Ref***

Ref*

  Minimal difficulty

0.82 (0.71, 0.93)**

0.92 (0.82, 1.04)

  Moderate to severe difficulty

1.16 (0.98, 1.37)

1.10 (0.97, 1.25)

  Adequate

Ref***

Ref

  Minimal difficulty

0.99 (0.87, 1.14)

0.99 (0.87, 1.11)

  Moderate to severe difficulty

0.67 (0.53, 0.84)***

1.01 (0.85, 1.20)

 3+ IADL items with difficulties

2.00 (0.90, 4.43)

1.15 (0.82, 1.62)

  Independent

Ref

Ref***

  Supervision

0.98 (0.84, 1.15)

1.43 (1.26, 1.63)***

  Limited to Total dependence

1.03 (0.88, 1.21)

1.31 (1.14, 1.49)***

 Fall in last 90 days

1.01 (0.89, 1.15)

1.53 (1.37, 1.70)***

 Behavioral problems in past 3 days

1.61 (1.41, 1.83)***

1.75 (1.55, 1.98)***

 Mood problem in past 3 days

1.53 (1.30, 1.79)***

1.09 (0.99, 1.21)

  Dementia only

Ref***

Ref

  Stroke & Dementia

0.67 (0.51, 0.89)**

0.88 (0.74, 1.05)

  CVD & Dementia

0.93 (0.79, 1.09)

1.02 (0.91, 1.15)

  CVD, Stroke & Dementia

0.75 (0.63, 0.89)**

0.94 (0.78, 1.13)

  Child or child-in-law

1.55 (1.29, 1.86)***

1.19 (0.97, 1.47)

  Spouse/Partner/significant other

3.18 (2.52, 4.00)***

1.49 (1.12, 2.00)**

  Parent/guardian/Sibling/Other relative or whanau/friends

Ref***

Ref*

 Primary caregiver lives with care-recipient

0.93 (0.78, 1.11)

1.69 (1.32, 2.15)***

 Primary caregiver provides IADL care

1.22 (0.84, 1.77)

0.82 (0.71, 0.96)*

 Primary caregiver provides ADL care

2.92 (2.39, 3.56)***

1.20 (1.06, 1.36)**

 Primary caregiver provides more than 21 h of care in 7 days

1.57 (1.35, 1.81)***

1.35 (1.20, 1.52)***

 Home care service (home making or meal services)

1.84 (1.27, 2.65)**

1.06 (0.86, 1.30)

 Visiting Nurse

1.39 (1.10, 1.74)**

1.22 (1.09, 1.38)***

 Allied-health Service

0.49 (0.34, 0.72)***

0.98 (0.84, 1.14)

 Hospital Service (inpatient care or emergency unit visit)

1.17 (1.02, 1.33)*

1.00 (0.88, 1.14)