| Low -Function group (LFG) | High-Function group (HFG) | LFG vs HFG* | Entire cohort |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | Mean (95% CI) | |
Physical Function | ||||
 Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (0–12 points) | 0.62a (− 0.20 to 1.44) | − 0.04 (− 0.28 to 0.19) | 0.020 | 0.13 (− 0.14 to 0.40) |
 4-m gait speed (m/s) | 0.04a (− 0.02 to 0.1) | −0.01 (− 0.06 to 0.04) | 0.406 | 0 (− 0.04 to 0.04) |
 Modified PPT (0–36 points) | −0.29 (− 2.7 to 2.1) | −1.3 (− 3.0 to 0.3) | 0.166 | −1.1 (− 2.4 to 0.3) |
 Time up and go (seconds) | −0.2 (− 0.6 to 0.3) | 0.04 (− 0.2 to 0.3) | 0.370 | −0.01 (− 0.2 to 02) |
 6 Minute walking test (meters) | 1.8 (− 14.0 to 17.6) | 8.8 (− 4.6 to 22.1) | 0.265 | 7.0 (−3.6 to 17.6) |
 PROMIS Physical Function t-score (0–100 points) | 0.91 (− 5.5 to 2.3) | 2.0 (0.5 to 3.5) | 0.353 | 1.7 (0.5 to 2.9) |
Health-related Quality of Life | ||||
 SRS 30 Self-image (0–5 pts) | 0.19 (0.02 to 0.4) | 0.24 (0.1 to 0.3) | 0.473 | 0.23 (0.1 to 0.3) |
 PROMIS Global Health Scale (0–100 points) | 1.0 (− 0.8 to 2.8) | 0.3 (− 0.5 to 1.1) | 0.820 | 0.5 (− 0.2 to 1.2) |
 PROMIS Global Health scale, Mental Health t-score (0–100 points) | 1.19 (− 0.8 to 3.2) | 0.3 (− 0.9 to 1.5) | 0.536 | 0.52 (− 0.5 to 1.6) |
 PROMIS Global Health scale, Physical Health t-score (0–100 points) | 1.8 (− 0.3 to 3.9) | 0.6 (− 0.5 to 1.8) | 0.194 | 0.9 (− 0.06 to 1.9) |
 PASE activity (0–793) points | 6.3 (− 14.0 to 26.6) | 1.7 (− 8.2 to 11.6) | 0.928 | 2.9 (− 5.9 to 11.7) |
 Pain Score 0–10 from PROMIS Global Health scale (0–10 points) | − 0.2 (− 0.9 to 0.5) | −0.3 (− 0.6 to 0.06) | 0.54 | −0.26 (− 0. 5 to 0.03) |
Spinal Strength | ||||
 Spinal Flexion (percent peak torque/bodyweight) | −0.09 (− 3.4 to 3.2) | 1.5 (− 0.1 to 3.2) | 0.515 | 1.12 (− 0.4 to 2.6) |
 Spinal extensor (percent peak torque/bodyweight) | −6.8 (− 16.1 to 2.6) | 6.0 (1.0 to 11.0) | 0.018 | 2.7 (− 1.8 to 7.2) |
 Time loaded standing (seconds) | −8.8 (− 23.3 to 5.7) | 5.2 (− 1.6 to 12) | 0.080 | 1.6 (− 4.7 to 7.8) |
Spinal Curvature | ||||
 Cobb Angle (degrees) | −0.6 (− 2.0 to 0.9) | − 1.6 (− 2.7 to − 0.4) | 0.390 | − 1.3 (− 2.2 to − 0.4) |
 Kyphosis (degrees) | −3.1a (− 5.2 to − 0.9) | −3.7a (− 5.0 to − 2.4) | 0.409 | −3.5 (− 4.6 to − 2.4) |
 Lordosis (degrees) | 0.4 (−2.0 to 2.9) | − 1.5 (− 3.0 to 0.03) | 0.229 | −1.0 (− 2.3 to 0.3) |