Relationships among types of activity engagement and insomnia symptoms among older adults

BMC Geriatrics

Table 3 Results of multiple linear regression analysis (N = 3321)

	Variables	Model 1		Model 2^a		Model 3^b		Model 4^c
	Variables	β (SE)	p	β (SE)	p	β (SE)	p	β (SE)	p
Types of activity	Social activity	−0.07 (0.02)	< 0.001	−0.05 (0.02)	0.008	−0.04 (0.02)	0.026	− 0.04 (0.02)	0.040
	Cognitive activity	−0.04 (0.02)	0.034	−0.07 (0.02)	0.001	−0.06 (0.02)	0.003	−0.06 (0.02)	0.007
	Physical activity	−0.10 (0.02)	< 0.001	−0.09 (0.02)	< 0.001	−0.05 (0.02)	0.011	−0.04 (0.02)	0.062
Demographics	Age (years)			−0.04 (0.02)	0.020	−0.07 (0.02)	< 0.001	−0.05 (0.02)	0.012
	Male (ref: female)			−0.10 (0.02)	< 0.001	−0.09 (0.02)	< 0.001	−0.10 (0.02)	< 0.001
	Caucasian (ref: other)			−0.02 (0.02)	0.307	−0.01 (0.02)	0.765	−0.02 (0.02)	0.305
	Married (ref: other)			−0.04 (0.02)	0.022	−0.03 (0.02)	0.073	−0.01 (0.02)	0.506
	College or higher (ref: high school or lower)			−0.04 (0.02)	0.018	−0.04 (0.02)	0.048	−0.03 (0.02)	0.073
Precipitating factors	Chronic disease (ref: no)					0.06 (0.01)	< 0.001	0.05 (0.01)	< 0.001
	ADL difficulty (ref: no)					0.13 (0.02)	< 0.001	0.11 (0.02)	< 0.001
	Cognitive function					−0.04 (0.02)	0.080	−0.01 (0.02)	0.717
	Sleep disorder (ref: no)					0.03 (0.02)	0.122	0.02 (0.02)	0.208
Perpetuating factors	Loneliness							0.20 (0.02)	< 0.001
Perpetuating factors	Caregiving (ref: no)							0.03 (0.02)	0.063

ADL activities of daily living, β standardized coefficient, ref reference, SE standard error
Bold indicates statistical significance
^aAdjusted for demographics
^bAdjusted for demographics and precipitating factors
^cAdjusted for demographics, precipitating factors, and perpetuating factors

ISSN: 1471-2318