Age-related impairment of navigation and strategy in virtual star maze

Table 5 Independent sample t tests between egocentric older adults and non-egocentric older adults

	Egocentric older adults (n = 7)		Non-egocentric older adults (n = 23)		t	Effect size (d)
	M	SD	M	SD	t	Effect size (d)
WAIS block design	37.57	3.31	31.74	7.11	3.008^**	1.05
Forward digit span	7.43	1.13	7.78	0.67	−0.785	−0.38
Backward digit span	5.29	1.38	5.26	1.39	0.041	0.02
MMQ-contentment	38.57	10.45	48.26	9.83	−2.252^*	−0.96
MMQ-ability	41.79	9.21	52.78	10.12	−2.565^*	−1.14
MMQ-strategy	39.29	14.73	27.41	13.48	1.999	0.84

M mean; SD standard deviation; WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV; MMQ Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. ^* p < .05, ^** p < .01

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