Age-related impairment of navigation and strategy in virtual star maze

Table 3 Repeated-measure ANOVA with age and strategy as between factors and trial as within factor (n = 58)

	Speed (vm/ second)	Rotation (°)	Distance error (%)	Successful trials (%)
Age
F	25.906	2.711	2.235	3.584
p	< 0 .001^***	0.105	0.141	0.064
Effect size (η²)	0.324	0.048	0.040	0.062
Strategy
F	0.385	6.969	6.326	1.960
p	0.538	0.011^*	0.015^*	0.167
Effect size (η²)	0.007	0.114	0.105	0.035
Trial
F	10.860	2.535	2.796	0.627
p	< 0 .001^***	0.047^*	0.024^*	0.678
Effect size (η²)	0.167	0.045	0.049	0.011
Age × Strategy
F	0.524	7.385	7.182	4.037
p	0.472	0.009^**	0.010^**	0.050^*
Effect size (η²)	0.010	0.120	0.117	0.070
Age × Trial
F	1.284	0.123	0.279	0.094
p	0.269	0.966	0.902	0.993
Effect size (η²)	0.023	0.002	0.005	0.002
Strategy × Trial
F	0.525	0.150	0.304	0.600
p	0.765	0.952	0.885	0.698
Effect size (η²)	0.010	0.003	0.006	0.011
Age × Strategy × Trial
F	1.136	1.024	1.160	1.321
p	0.342	0.392	0.330	0.256
Effect size (η²)	0.021	0.019	0.021	0.024

3 young adults (2 males and 1 female) were excluded from the repeated-measure ANOVA because of exceeding three-standard deviations in rotation. ^* p < .05, ^** p < .01, ^*** p < .001

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