Table 3 Comparison of Socio-Physical Environment Satisfaction, Social Support Networks, Social Activity Participation, and Happiness a
From: Association of living arrangements with happiness attributes among older adults
Characteristics | Categories | Living alone (n = 3059) | Living with their spouse (n = 6644) | Living with their family (n = 4984) | χ2 | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
Satisfaction with socio-physical environment | Trust in neighbors | No | 911 | 6.6 | 1754 | 12.6 | 1380 | 9.9 | 13.99 | .001 |
Yes | 1971 | 14.2 | 4550 | 32.8 | 3309 | 23.9 | ||||
Help from neighbors | No | 1563 | 11.0 | 2886 | 20.3 | 2447 | 17.2 | 69.97 | < .001 | |
Yes | 1392 | 9.8 | 3561 | 25.1 | 2360 | 16.6 | ||||
Neighborhood safety level | No | 520 | 3.6 | 987 | 6.9 | 805 | 5.6 | 9.49 | .009 | |
Yes | 2467 | 17.1 | 5557 | 38.6 | 4063 | 28.2 | ||||
Natural environment | No | 629 | 4.3 | 1391 | 9.5 | 1048 | 7.2 | 0.26 | .876 | |
Yes | 2400 | 16.5 | 5217 | 35.8 | 3884 | 26.7 | ||||
Life environment | No | 377 | 2.6 | 729 | 5.0 | 561 | 3.8 | 3.88 | .144 | |
Yes | 2663 | 18.3 | 5877 | 40.3 | 4381 | 30.0 | ||||
Condition of public transportation | No | 497 | 3.4 | 970 | 6.7 | 681 | 4.7 | 9.84 | .007 | |
Yes | 2536 | 17.4 | 5635 | 38.7 | 4245 | 29.1 | ||||
Condition of medical facilities | No | 475 | 3.3 | 864 | 5.9 | 661 | 4.5 | 12.05 | .002 | |
Yes | 2558 | 17.6 | 5726 | 39.4 | 4262 | 29.3 | ||||
Social support networks | Contact with family | Less than once a month | 612 | 4.1 | 833 | 5.7 | 1068 | 7.3 | 229.51 | < .001 |
Once a month | 327 | 2.2 | 848 | 5.8 | 701 | 4.8 | ||||
2–3 times a month | 397 | 2.7 | 961 | 6.5 | 714 | 4.9 | ||||
Once a week | 464 | 3.1 | 1112 | 7.6 | 633 | 4.3 | ||||
2–3 times a week | 467 | 3.2 | 1026 | 7.0 | 646 | 4.4 | ||||
≥ 4 times a week | 788 | 5.4 | 1864 | 12.7 | 1220 | 8.3 | ||||
Contact with neighbors | Less than once a month | 895 | 6.1 | 1960 | 13.4 | 1586 | 10.9 | 67.38 | < .001 | |
Once a month | 165 | 1.1 | 446 | 3.1 | 333 | 2.3 | ||||
2–3 times a month | 157 | 1.1 | 436 | 3.0 | 325 | 2.2 | ||||
Once a week | 176 | 1.2 | 526 | 3.6 | 404 | 2.8 | ||||
2–3 times a week | 404 | 2.8 | 909 | 6.2 | 637 | 4.4 | ||||
≥ 4 times a week | 1243 | 8.5 | 2327 | 15.9 | 1667 | 11.4 | ||||
Contact with friends | Less than once a month | 967 | 6.6 | 1691 | 11.5 | 1413 | 9.6 | 109.40 | < .001 | |
Once a month | 358 | 2.5 | 1057 | 7.2 | 724 | 4.9 | ||||
2–3 times a month | 264 | 1.8 | 795 | 5.4 | 604 | 4.1 | ||||
Once a week | 252 | 1.7 | 652 | 4.5 | 472 | 3.2 | ||||
2–3 times a week | 395 | 2.7 | 918 | 6.3 | 579 | 4.0 | ||||
≥ 4 times a week | 818 | 5.6 | 1524 | 10.4 | 1174 | 8.0 | ||||
Participation in social activities | Religious activities | No | 1757 | 12.0 | 4206 | 28.6 | 2962 | 20.2 | 35.85 | < .001 |
Yes | 1302 | 8.9 | 2438 | 16.6 | 2021 | 13.7 | ||||
Belonging to communities | No | 1719 | 11.7 | 2557 | 17.4 | 2330 | 15.9 | 275.06 | < .001 | |
Yes | 1340 | 9.1 | 4087 | 27.8 | 2653 | 18.1 | ||||
Leisure activities | No | 2563 | 17.4 | 5005 | 34.1 | 4006 | 27.3 | 101.15 | < .001 | |
Yes | 496 | 3.4 | 1639 | 11.2 | 976 | 6.6 | ||||
Charity activities | No | 2904 | 19.8 | 6163 | 42.0 | 4679 | 31.8 | 17.75 | < .001 | |
Yes | 155 | 1.0 | 481 | 3.3 | 303 | 2.1 | ||||