Association of living arrangements with happiness attributes among older adults

BMC Geriatrics

Table 1 Sample characteristics (N = 14,687)^a

Characteristics	Living alone (n = 3059)		Living with their spouse (n = 6644)		Living with their family (n = 4984)		χ² or F	p
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ² or F	p
Gender
Male	692	4.7	3786	25.8	1845	12.6	1120.77	< .001
Female	2367	16.1	2858	19.4	3139	21.4
Age group (years)
65–69	763	5.2	2365	16.1	1737	11.8	344.96	< .001
70–74	769	5.2	2026	13.8	1287	8.8
75–79	796	5.4	1443	9.8	970	6.6
> 80	731	5.0	810	5.5	990	6.8
M ± SD	74.86 ± 6.45		72.47 ± 5.50		73.56 ± 6.75		163.04	< .001
Range	65–100		65–97		65–105
Educational level
None	552	3.8	383	2.6	681	4.6	661.31	< .001
Elementary school	1257	8.6	2039	13.9	1797	12.3
Middle school	503	3.4	1471	10.0	977	6.7
High school	490	3.3	1684	11.5	1013	6.9
College or higher	246	1.7	1052	7.2	508	3.5
Marital status
Married	173	1.2	6644	45.3	2736	18.6	8632.93	< .001
Divorced	434	3.0	0	0.0	203	1.4
Widowed	2360	16.1	0	0.0	2003	13.6
Never married	83	0.6	0	0.0	35	0.2
Employment status
Unemployed	2381	16.2	4702	32.0	3752	25.6	61.74	< .001
Employed	678	4.6	1936	13.2	1231	8.4
Eligibility for basic livelihood rights
Yes	502	3.4	263	1.8	297	2.0	545.17	< .001
In the past	45	0.3	29	0.2	69	0.5
No	2509	17.1	6352	43.3	4618	31.4
Monthly income (10,000 won)^b
< 50	1011	6.9	521	3.6	169	1.2	4585.51	< .001
50–99	1328	9.1	2020	13.8	591	4.1
100–199	481	3.3	2144	14.7	941	6.5
≥ 200	221	1.5	1929	13.2	3230	22.1

^a Missing data: educational level for older adults living alone (n = 11), living with their spouse (n = 15), living with family (n = 8); marital status for older adults living alone (n = 9), living with family (n = 7); employment status for older adults living with their spouse (n = 6), living with family (n = 1); basic livelihood rights for older adults living alone (n = 3); monthly income for older adults. ^b 1USD = approximately 1200 Korean won

ISSN: 1471-2318