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Table 5 Joint predictors of depression score among older Chinese (with all control variables and lagged depression)

From: Perceived availability of future care and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: evidence from CHARLS

DV: Depression score

Model 6

Model 7

Model 8

Model 9

Model 10

b

se

b

se

b

se

b

se

b

se

(0) Depression score at baseline

0.436***

0.010

0.410***

0.010

0.360***

0.011

0.420***

0.010

0.333***

0.011

(1) Expected future support for ADL care needs (no)

1.481***

0.130

1.503***

0.128

1.279***

0.128

1.508***

0.127

1.302***

0.125

(2) Predisposing factors

          

Aged 45–54 (Ref.)

          

Aged 55–64

0.467***

0.143

0.325**

0.148

0.126

0.143

0.400***

0.139

0.053

0.141

Aged 55–74

0.487***

0.164

0.345**

0.169

−0.233

0.164

0.298

0.183

−0.358**

0.177

Aged 75+

0.162

0.237

−0.040

0.241

−0.881***

0.233

−0.266

0.259

−1.190***

0.251

Male (Ref.)

          

Female

0.963***

0.113

0.842***

0.115

0.616***

0.111

0.924***

0.111

0.538 ***

0.113

(3) Financial factors

          

Rural (Ref.)

          

Urban

  

−0.595***

0.131

    

− 0.515 ***

0.124

Under primary schooling (Ref.)

          

Second schooling

  

−0.517***

0.133

    

−0.318**

0.135

College and above degree

  

−0.897***

0.314

    

−0.088

0.351

Better living standard (Ref.)

          

About same living standard

  

0.370

0.264

    

0.292

0.258

Worse living standard

  

1.436***

0.260

    

1.051***

0.255

Not reported

  

1.165***

0.340

    

0.694**

0.318

(3) Health factors

          

With ADLs

    

1.198***

0.319

  

1.191***

0.317

With IADLs

    

1.543***

0.202

  

1.423 ***

0.201

No disease (Ref.)

          

One disease

    

0.358**

0.140

  

0.401 ***

0.137

Two diseases

    

0.375**

0.167

  

0.434 ***

0.159

Three and more diseases

    

0.495***

0.183

  

0.652 ***

0.175

Diseases not reported

    

0.111

0.917

  

0.187

0.935

With functional loss

    

1.082***

0.189

  

1.051 ***

0.187

With bad memory

    

1.371***

0.130

  

1.289 ***

0.128

Level of pain (0–5)

    

0.135***

0.037

  

0.127 ***

0.035

Childhood health (from excellent to poor)

    

0.041

0.052

  

0.021

0.049

(4) Social factors

          

Married (Ref.)

          

Separated/divorced/widowed

      

0.651***

0.214

0.680 ***

0.206

Single

      

0.812

0.963

0.293

0.923

No child (Ref.)

          

One child

      

0.485

0.694

0.516

0.640

Two children

      

0.786

0.689

0.751

0.635

Three or more children

      

1.043

0.698

0.903

0.648

Not reported

      

3.703

3.485

4.763

3.390

Children visiting daily or weekly (Ref.)

          

Children visiting every month

      

−0.148

0.247

− 0.099

0.242

Children visiting every year

      

0.352

0.234

0.280

0.223

Children visiting less than once per year

      

−0.041

0.856

0.082

0.802

Not reported

      

0.495

0.274

0.584

0.264

Children contacting daily or weekly (Ref.)

          

Children contacting every month

      

0.268

0.204

0.248

0.197

Children contacting every year

      

0.407

0.414

0.364

0.386

Children contacting less than once per year

      

−0.239

0.436

−0.379

0.416

Not reported

      

0.025

0.240

0.221

0.230

Children living in a other neighbourhood/city/county (Ref.)

          

Children co-resident

      

0.063

0.184

−0.143

0.180

Children living in a same neighbourhood

      

−0.479*

0.252

−0.435 *

0.244

Social activities: leisure

      

− 0.682***

0.120

−0.509***

0.114

Social activities: helping others

      

− 0.073

0.155

0.138

0.148

Social activities: learning

      

− 1033***

0.283

−0.389

0.290

Cons

4.454

0.166

4.293

0.319

3.895

0.248

4.296

0.718

3.429

0.734

Sample size

10,458

 

10,458

 

10,458

 

10,458

 

10,485

 

R-Square

0.27

 

0.283

 

0.327

 

0.281

 

0.343

 
  1. (1) * indicate significant at 10%, ** indicate significant at 5%, and *** indicate significant at 1%. (2) Model 6 controls for lagged depression score, expected future care support and predisposing variables. Based on Model 6, Model 7 adds financial variables only; Model 8 adds health variables only; Model 9 adds social variables only; Model 10 adds all financial, health and social factors. (3) Reference groups in each category: Aged 45–54, male, rural, under primary schooling, better living standard, without ADLs, without IADLs, without disease, without functional loss, without bad memory, excellent childhood health, socially married, without child, children visiting daily or weekly, children contacting daily or weekly, no social activities: leisure, no social activities: helping others, no social activities: learning. (4) The not reported group in each category is treated as a separated group in the model in order to maintain a full sample size for estimation. Data source: CHARLS 2013, weights are used. Lagged depression scores are from 2011
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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