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Table 4 Joint predictors of depression score among older Chinese (with all control variables)

From: Perceived availability of future care and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: evidence from CHARLS

DV: Depression score

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

b

se

b

se

b

se

b

se

b

se

(0) Depression score at baseline

No

 

No

 

No

 

No

 

No

 

(1) Expected future support for ADL care needs (no)

2.353***

0.102

2.135***

0.133

1.645***

0.131

2.076***

0.128

1.610***

0.121

(2) Predisposing factors

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

  

Yes

Yes

  

Aged 45–54

          

Aged 55–64

0.675***

0.112

0.465***

0.143

0.086

0.136

0.534***

0.137

−0.120

0.134

Aged 65–74

0.996***

0.132

0.710***

0.167

−0.297*

0.157

0.523***

0.171

−0.615***

0.159

Aged 75+

0.504***

0.186

0.148***

0.229

−1.237***

0.217

−0.468*

0.242

−1.941***

0.229

Male

          

Female

1.848***

0.094

1.478***

0.120

1.024***

0.115

1.677***

0.113

0.853***

0.115

(3) Financial factors

No

 

Yes

 

No

 

No

 

Yes

 

Rural

          

Urban

  

−1.138***

0.127

    

−0.730***

0.116

Under primary schooling

          

Second schooling

  

−1.131***

0.131

    

−0.582***

0.128

College and above degree

  

−2.143***

0.301

    

−0.516

0.328

Better living standard

          

About same living standard

  

0.237

0.268

    

0.143

0.252

Worse living standard

  

1.994***

0.260

    

1.282***

0.244

(4) Health factors

No

 

No

 

Yes

 

No

 

Yes

 

With ADLs

    

1.608***

0.307

  

1.624***

0.302

With IADLs

    

2.373***

0.186

  

2.049***

0.186

No disease

          

One disease

    

0.608***

0.142

  

0.616***

0.137

Two diseases

    

0.943***

0.174

  

0.941***

0.164

Three and more diseases

    

1.590***

0.196

  

1.664***

0.180

With functional loss

    

1.381***

0.179

  

1.305***

0.175

With bad memory

    

1.782***

0.125

  

1.593***

0.120

Level of pain (1–5)

    

0.166***

0.042

  

0.147***

0.039

Childhood health (1 = excellent, 5 = poor)

    

0.252***

0.050

  

0.196***

0.048

(5) Social factors

No

 

No

 

No

 

Yes

 

Yes

 

Married (omitted)

          

Separated/divorced/widowed

      

1.301***

0.218

1.129***

0.196

Single

      

2.414**

0.877

1.180

0.828

No child (omitted)

          

One child

      

0.022

0.519

0.253

0.499

Two children

      

0.407

0.524

0.408

0.503

Three or more children

      

0.780

0.547

0.606

0.528

Children visiting daily/weekly (omitted)

          

Children visiting monthly

      

−0.267

0.269

−0.193

0.239

Children visiting every year

      

0.611**

0.248

0.513**

0.212

Children visiting less than once per year

      

0.746

1.001

0.903

0.908

Children contacting daily/weekly (omitted)

          

Children contacting monthly

      

0.623*

0.318

0.462**

0.198

Children contacting every year

      

1.246***

0.480

0.866**

0.375

Children contacting less than once per year

      

0.312

0.437

0.040

0.338

Children: co-residing in same household

      

−0.069

0.191

−0.235

0.181

Children living in a same neighbourhood

      

−0.638**

0.287

−0.495**

0.248

Social activities: leisure

      

−0.112**

0.116

−0.716***

0.111

Social activities: helping others

      

−0.126

0.152

0.100

0.145

Social activities: learning

      

−1.977***

0.279

−0.799***

0.285

Cons

7.970

0.121

7.828

0.314

5.686

0.265

8.261

0.625

5.907

0.616

Sample size

14,179

 

13,896

 

13,855

 

13,896

 

13,855

 

R-Square

0.0619

 

0.1042

 

0.205

 

0.107

 

0.244

 
  1. (1) * indicate statistically significant at 10%, ** indicate significant at 5%, and *** indicate significant at 1%. (2) Model 1 controls for expected future care support and predisposing variables. Based on Model 1, Model 2 adds financial variables; Model 3 adds health variables; Model 4 adds social variables; Model 5 adds all financial, health and social factors. (3) Reference groups in each category are: Aged 45–54, male, rural, under primary schooling, better living standard, without ADLs, without IADLs, without disease, without functional loss, without bad memory, excellent childhood health, married with spouse presented, without child, children visiting daily or weekly, children contacting daily or weekly, no social activities for leisure, no social activities for helping others, no social activities for learning. (4) The “not reported” group in each category is treated as a separated group in order to maintain a full sample size for estimation. (5) Lagged depression scores are not controlled for in Models 1–5. Data source: CHARLS 2013, weights are used
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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