| Univariate analysis | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | ||||
Age | 1.01 | (0.98–1.05) | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 1.00 | (0.95–1.04) | 1.02 | (0.95–1.11) | 0.99 | (0.92–1.06) | |||
Male vs. Female | 1.00 | (0.62–1.62) | 0.88 | (0.46–1.68) | 0.97 | (0.50–1.89) | 0.63 | (0.16–2.41) | 1.83 | (0.53–6.35) | |||
Non-HF | ref. | – | ref | – | ref. | – | ref. | – |  |  |  | ||
HFpEF | 0.80 | (0.37–1.76) | 0.19 | (0.06–1.19) | 0.28 | (0.10–1.79) | 0.30 | (0.03–2.46) |  |  |  | ||
HFrEF | 1.99 | (1.05–3.78)* | 0.19 | (0.05–1.11) | 0.27 | (0.08–1.94) | 0.97 | (0.08–11.28) |  |  |  | ||
BMI | 0.97 | (0.92–1.02) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CCI | 1.26 | (1.09–1.46)** | 1.25 | (1.03–1.50)* | 1.06 | (0.76–1.48) | 1.26 | (1.05–1.51)** |  |  |  | ||
Geriatric assessment | |||||||||||||
 MNA-SF | 0.91 | (0.83–1.01) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Timed Up and Go test, sec | |||||||||||||
   < 25 | ref. | – |  |  | ref. | – |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
   ≥ 25 | 1.67 | (1.02–2.71)* |  |  | 1.02 | (0.46–2.23) |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Handgrip strength, kg | |||||||||||||
  M > 20.4 / F > 15.435 | ref. | – |  |  |  |  |  | ref. | – |  |  |  | |
  M ≤ 20.4 / F ≤ 15.435 | 2.34 | (1.20–4.57)* |  |  |  |  | 3.42 | (1.03–11.40)* |  |  |  | ||
 6-min walking test, sec | |||||||||||||
  M ≤ 25 / F ≤ 23 | ref. | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  M > 25 / F > 23 | 0.96 | (0.22–4.11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 HTW (0–3) | |||||||||||||
  0 | ref. | – |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ref. | – | |
   ≥ 1 | 3.01 | (1.07–8.50)* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.22 | (1.13–9.20)* | |
 Rockwood frailty index | 1.06 | (1.03–1.08)** | 1.05 | (1.0004–1.10)* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
Laboratory data | |||||||||||||
 Albumin, g/dL | 0.30 | (0.21–0.43)** | 0.28 | (0.16–0.49)** | 0.31 | (0.18–0.55)* | 0.45 | (0.17–1.20) |  |  |  | ||
 Glucose, mg/dL | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.99 | (0.99–0.998)* | 0.99 | (0.99–0.999)* | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) |  |  |  | ||
 eGFR, ml/min per 1.73m2 | 0.99 | (0.98–0.998)* | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 | (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) |  |  |  | ||
Medication | |||||||||||||
 MRA | 4.61 | (2.97–7.17)** | 2.89 | (1.45–5.73)** | 3.30 | (1.68–6.50)** | 7.65 | (2.22–26.32)** |  |  |  | ||
 β-blocker | 2.07 | (1.22–3.50)** | 1.33 | (0.67–2.66) | 1.42 | (0.71–2.84) | 0.67 | (0.22–2.02) |  |  |  | ||
 Anti-coagulants | 1.84 | (1.11–3.02)* | 1.15 | (0.46–2.84) | 0.99 | (0.40–2.45) | 0.81 | (0.10–6.37) |  |  |  | ||
 Digoxin | 4.75 | (3.00–7.53)** | 1.19 | (0.85–4.29) | 2.15 | (0.95–4.83) | 1.42 | (0.32–6.27) |  |  |  |