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Table 2 Predictors of all-cause mortality in older adults

From: Physical frailty and long-term mortality in older people with chronic heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: a retrospective longitudinal study

 

Univariate analysis

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

HR

(95% CI)

HR

(95% CI)

HR

(95% CI)

HR

(95% CI)

HR

(95% CI)

Age

1.01

(0.98–1.05)

0.99

(0.95–1.04)

1.00

(0.95–1.04)

1.02

(0.95–1.11)

0.99

(0.92–1.06)

Male vs. Female

1.00

(0.62–1.62)

0.88

(0.46–1.68)

0.97

(0.50–1.89)

0.63

(0.16–2.41)

1.83

(0.53–6.35)

Non-HF

ref.

–

ref

–

ref.

–

ref.

–

   

HFpEF

0.80

(0.37–1.76)

0.19

(0.06–1.19)

0.28

(0.10–1.79)

0.30

(0.03–2.46)

   

HFrEF

1.99

(1.05–3.78)*

0.19

(0.05–1.11)

0.27

(0.08–1.94)

0.97

(0.08–11.28)

   

BMI

0.97

(0.92–1.02)

           

CCI

1.26

(1.09–1.46)**

1.25

(1.03–1.50)*

1.06

(0.76–1.48)

1.26

(1.05–1.51)**

   

Geriatric assessment

 MNA-SF

0.91

(0.83–1.01)

           

 Timed Up and Go test, sec

   < 25

ref.

–

  

ref.

–

      

   ≥ 25

1.67

(1.02–2.71)*

  

1.02

(0.46–2.23)

      

 Handgrip strength, kg

  M > 20.4 / F > 15.435

ref.

–

     

ref.

–

   

  M ≤ 20.4 / F ≤ 15.435

2.34

(1.20–4.57)*

    

3.42

(1.03–11.40)*

   

 6-min walking test, sec

  M ≤ 25 / F ≤ 23

ref.

–

           

  M > 25 / F > 23

0.96

(0.22–4.11)

           

 HTW (0–3)

  0

ref.

–

        

ref.

–

   ≥ 1

3.01

(1.07–8.50)*

        

3.22

(1.13–9.20)*

 Rockwood frailty index

1.06

(1.03–1.08)**

1.05

(1.0004–1.10)*

        

Laboratory data

 Albumin, g/dL

0.30

(0.21–0.43)**

0.28

(0.16–0.49)**

0.31

(0.18–0.55)*

0.45

(0.17–1.20)

   

 Glucose, mg/dL

1.00

(1.00–1.00)

0.99

(0.99–0.998)*

0.99

(0.99–0.999)*

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

   

 eGFR, ml/min per 1.73m2

0.99

(0.98–0.998)*

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

0.99

(0.99–1.00)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

   

Medication

 MRA

4.61

(2.97–7.17)**

2.89

(1.45–5.73)**

3.30

(1.68–6.50)**

7.65

(2.22–26.32)**

   

 β-blocker

2.07

(1.22–3.50)**

1.33

(0.67–2.66)

1.42

(0.71–2.84)

0.67

(0.22–2.02)

   

 Anti-coagulants

1.84

(1.11–3.02)*

1.15

(0.46–2.84)

0.99

(0.40–2.45)

0.81

(0.10–6.37)

   

 Digoxin

4.75

(3.00–7.53)**

1.19

(0.85–4.29)

2.15

(0.95–4.83)

1.42

(0.32–6.27)

   
  1. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; Model 1, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with Rockwood frailty index between the heart failure (HF) and non-HF older adults, and the multi-variate analysis was adjusted for age, gender, severity of HF, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), laboratory tests, and medication. Model 2, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with Timed Up and Go test between the HF and non-HF older adults, and the multi-variate analysis was adjusted for age, gender, severity of HF, CCI, laboratory tests, and medication. Model 3, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with handgrip strength between the HF and non-HF older adults, and the multi-variate analysis was adjusted for age, gender, severity of HF, CCI, laboratory tests, and medication. Model 4, the Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association of all-cause mortality with at least one physical impairment (HTW means the summation of one abnormality of the HGS, TUG, and 6 MW) between the HF and non-HF older adults, and the multi-variate analysis was adjusted for age and gender only. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index; MNA-SF mini-nutritional assessment-short form; MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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