Table 1 Sample (n = 141)

Sex

Female

82

61.7%

Age

Years

64–98

80.16

6.67

82.34

6.09

81.52

6.38

Living situation

Living alone (yes)

23

45.1%

22

27.2%

46

34.1%

Cognitive status

MMSE-score (0–30)

7–29

23.02

3.11

23.17

3.75

23.12

3.52

Instrumental social support

Total (0–12)

2–12

9.29

2.47

9.82

2.14

9.60

2.29

Support in repairing something (0–3)

0–3

2.0

0.89

2.22

0.87

2.15

.88

Shopping support (0–3)

1–3

2.64

0.63

2.58

0.67

2.60

0.65

Support in filling out forms (0–3)

0–3

2.26

0.63

2.31

0.81

2.29

0.80

Support in dealing with administration (0–3)

0–3

2.28

0.78

2.37

0.75

2.33

0.76

Loneliness

Yes

De Jong Gierveld-score (6–24)

6–20

10.73

3.64

11.35

3.06

11.12

3.24

Hughes-score (3–9)

3–9

4.34

1.71

4.62

1.96

4.45

1.80

Considered lonely (DZA)

4

10.3%

7

10.3%

11

10.2%

Anxiety symptoms

GAD-7 score (0–20)

0–18

3.64

3.67

3.79

2.95

3.73

3.22

Minimal symptoms

34

72.3%

50

62.5%

84

65.1%

Low symptoms

8

17.0%

24

30.0%

32

25.2%

Medium symptoms

5

10.6%

6

7.5%

11

8.7%

Severe symptoms

Anxiety disorder

Possible (> 10)

5

9.8%

2

2.4%

7

5.3%

Probable (> 15)

0

0

0

0

00

0

One main symptom of depression according to DSM-5

Yes

5

9.8%

10

12.20%

15

11.37%

Sadness (n = 135)

Never

33

70.2%

43

53.8%

76

59.8%

Single days

13

27.7%

33

41.3%

46

36.2%

More than half the days

1

2.1%

3

3.8%

4

3.1%

nearly daily

0

0

1

1.3%

1

0.8%

Loss of interest (n = 135)

Never

22

47.8%

43

53.8%

65

51.6%

Single days

19

41.3%

28

35.0%

47

37.3%

More than half the days

5

10.9%

7

8.8%

12

9.5%

nearly daily

0

0%

2

2.5%

2

1.6%

Change in sadness (n = 102)

Sadness more often

0

0%

0

0%

0

0%

Sadness equally often

0

0%

2

3.0%

2

2.0%

Sadness less often

35

100.0%

65

97.0%

100

98.0%

Change in loss of interest (n = 102)

Loss of interest more often

0

0%

1

1.5%

1

1.0%

Loss of interest equally often

1

2.9%

5

7.5%

6

5.9%

Loss of interest less often

34

97.1%

61

91.0%

95

93.1%

(Social) activities (24)

With a perceived increase in frequency

0–7

1.07

1.04

1.37

1.38

1.26

1.27

With a perceived decrease in frequency

0–16

6.12

3.92

7.27

3.79

6.83

3.97

With no perceived change

0–15

6.67

3.60

5.27

2.89

5.80

3.24

n/a

0–24

9.84

4.74

10.4

4.57

9.96

4.56

Healthcare-related services (11)

With a perceived negative impact

0–5

0.86

1.02

1.12

1.27

1.02

1.18

With no perceived change

0–11

3.75

2.50

4.02

2.24

3.92

2.34

With a perceived positive impact

0–2

0.20

0.49

0.18

0.45

0.19

0.46

n/a

0–10

6.18

2.35

5.59

2.31

5.81

2.34