Health-related quality of life in hospitalized older patients with versus without prolonged use of opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, and z-hypnotics: a cross-sectional study

Table 3 Multiple logistic regression analyses of the association between prolonged use of CNSDs and the five dimensions of HRQoL

Independent variable	EQ-5D dimensions
Independent variable	Mobility^a OR (95%CI)	Self-care^a OR (95%CI)	Usual activities^b OR (95%CI)	Pain/discomfort^a OR (95%CI)	Anxiety/depression^a OR (95%CI)
Prolonged CNSD use, yes versus no	1.22 (0.61 to 2.44)	1.49 (0.68 to 3.25)	3.37 (1.40 to 8.13)	2.06 (1.05 to 4.04)	3.77 (1.82 to 7.82)
Polypharmacy, ≥5 versus < 5 drugs/day	3.58 (1.77 to 7.22)	1.67 (0.71 to 3.95)	2.73 (1.28 to 5.84)	1.65 (0.86 to 3.17)	0.55 (0.27 to 1.10)
Comorbidity burden (CIRS-G total score)	1.08 (0.97 to 1.20)	1.05 (0.93 to 1.19)	1.02 (0.87 to 1.19)	1.08 (0.96 to 1.21)	0.96 (0.85 to 1.07)
Anxiety score (HADS-A)	0.96 (0.87 to 1.06)	0.94 (0.84 to 1.05)	1.01 (0.90 to 1.15)	1.11 (1.01 to 1.22)	N/A
Depression score (HADS-D)	1.15 (1.04 to 1.28)	1.18 (1.05 to 1.33)	1.16 (1.01 to 1.33)	1.00 (0.90 to 1.11)	N/A
Pain intensity (VAS)	1.17 (1.06 to 1.29)	1.19 (1.06 to 1.33)	1.20 (1.04 to 1.37)	N/A	1.05 (0.95 to 1.17)

Note: all models are adjusted for age, sex, education and living alone. ^a: Ordered logistic regression, ^b: Binary logistic regression
Abbreviations: OR Odds ratio, CNSDs Central nervous system depressant drugs, HADS–D/A Hospital anxiety and depression sub-scales, VAS Visual analogue scale, N/A Not applicable, CI Confidence interval, CIRS-G Cumulative illness rating scale for Geriatrics

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