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Table 4 Associations with in-hospital, post-hospital and total health care costs based on generalized linear models

From: Health care costs of injury in the older population: a prospective multicentre cohort study in the Netherlands

  In-hospitala Post hospitalb Totala
  Exp[β] (95% CI) p Exp[β] (95% CI) p Exp[β] (95% CI) p
Age
 65–69 ref   ref   ref  
 70–74 1.07 (0.98–1.16) 0.16 1.14 (0.89–1.47) 0.30 1.09 (0.95–1.24) 0.24
 75–79 1.10 (1.01–1.20) 0.04 1.28 (1.00–1.62) 0.05 1.19 (1.05–1.36) 0.01
 80–84 1.24 (1.13–1.35) < 0.001 1.97 (1.54–2.51) < 0.001 1.53 (1.34–1.74) < 0.001
 85–89 1.15 (1.04–1.27) 0.004 2.19 (1.66–2.90) < 0.001 1.51 (1.30–1.75) < 0.001
  ≥ 90 1.06 (0.95–1.17) 0.33 2.48 (1.78–3.45) < 0.001 1.41 (1.19–1.65) < 0.001
Gender
 Male ref   ref   ref  
 Female 0.94 (0.89–0.99) 0.03 1.34 (1.14–1.57) < 0.001 1.09 (1.00–1.19) 0.04
Cause of trauma
 Home and leisure: falls ref   ref   ref  
 Home and leisure: other 0.94 (0.87–1.03) 0.20 0.82 (0.64–1.05) 0.12 0.88 (0.77–1.00) 0.05
 Traffic 0.94 (0.87–1.01) 0.07 0.96 (0.79–1.18) 0.72 0.95 (0.85–1.06) 0.39
 Sport 0.71 (0.59–0.86) < 0.001 0.38 (0.21–0.67) 0.001 0.54 (0.40–0.71) < 0.001
 Other 0.87 (0.73–1.04) 0.12 0.49 (0.31–0.80) 0.004 0.72 (0.55–0.95) 0.02
Type of injury
 No Hip fracture ref   ref   ref  
 Hip fracture 0.86 (0.78–0.94) 0.001 1.40 (1.07–1.83) 0.02 1.09 (0.94–1.25) 0.25
ISS
  < 4 ref   ref   ref  
 4–8 1.38 (1.27–1.49) < 0.001 1.52 (1.19–1.93) 0.001 1.47 (1.30–1.66) < 0.001
 9–15 1.79 (1.62–1.98) < 0.001 1.58 (1.17–2.14) 0.003 1.75 (1.50–2.04) < 0.001
  ≥ 16 2.45 (2.08–2.88) < 0.001 2.34 (1.48–3.70) < 0.001 2.36 (1.84–3.03) < 0.001
Frailty status
 Not frail (GFI 0–3) ref   ref   ref  
 Frail (GFI ≥ 4) 1.11 (1.04–1.18) 0.003 1.38 (1.13–1.67) 0.001 1.09 (0.99–1.21) 0.09
 Unknown 1.21 (1.12–1.31) < 0.001 1.61 (1.29–2.01) < 0.001 1.36 (1.21–1.54) < 0.001
Comorbidity status
 No comorbidities ref   ref   ref  
 1 comorbidity 1.21 (1.12–1.31) < 0.001 1.09 (0.87–1.37) 0.44 1.14 (1.01–1.29) 0.04
 2 comorbidities 1.15 (1.06–1.25) 0.001 1.58 (1.24–2.03) < 0.001 1.36 (1.19–1.56) < 0.001
  ≥ 3 comorbidities 1.32 (1.22–1.43) < 0.001 2.01 (1.57–2.57) < 0.001 1.58 (1.39–1.80) < 0.001
  1. Adjusted for all variables in the table
  2. CI confidence interval, ISS Injury Severity Score, GFI Groningen Frailty Index
  3. a Based on 1909 cases
  4. b Based on 1369 cases
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BMC Geriatrics

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