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Table 4 Associations with in-hospital, post-hospital and total health care costs based on generalized linear models

From: Health care costs of injury in the older population: a prospective multicentre cohort study in the Netherlands

 

In-hospitala

Post hospitalb

Totala

 

Exp[β] (95% CI)

p

Exp[β] (95% CI)

p

Exp[β] (95% CI)

p

Age

 65–69

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 70–74

1.07 (0.98–1.16)

0.16

1.14 (0.89–1.47)

0.30

1.09 (0.95–1.24)

0.24

 75–79

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

0.04

1.28 (1.00–1.62)

0.05

1.19 (1.05–1.36)

0.01

 80–84

1.24 (1.13–1.35)

< 0.001

1.97 (1.54–2.51)

< 0.001

1.53 (1.34–1.74)

< 0.001

 85–89

1.15 (1.04–1.27)

0.004

2.19 (1.66–2.90)

< 0.001

1.51 (1.30–1.75)

< 0.001

  ≥ 90

1.06 (0.95–1.17)

0.33

2.48 (1.78–3.45)

< 0.001

1.41 (1.19–1.65)

< 0.001

Gender

 Male

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Female

0.94 (0.89–0.99)

0.03

1.34 (1.14–1.57)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.00–1.19)

0.04

Cause of trauma

 Home and leisure: falls

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Home and leisure: other

0.94 (0.87–1.03)

0.20

0.82 (0.64–1.05)

0.12

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

0.05

 Traffic

0.94 (0.87–1.01)

0.07

0.96 (0.79–1.18)

0.72

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.39

 Sport

0.71 (0.59–0.86)

< 0.001

0.38 (0.21–0.67)

0.001

0.54 (0.40–0.71)

< 0.001

 Other

0.87 (0.73–1.04)

0.12

0.49 (0.31–0.80)

0.004

0.72 (0.55–0.95)

0.02

Type of injury

 No Hip fracture

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Hip fracture

0.86 (0.78–0.94)

0.001

1.40 (1.07–1.83)

0.02

1.09 (0.94–1.25)

0.25

ISS

  < 4

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 4–8

1.38 (1.27–1.49)

< 0.001

1.52 (1.19–1.93)

0.001

1.47 (1.30–1.66)

< 0.001

 9–15

1.79 (1.62–1.98)

< 0.001

1.58 (1.17–2.14)

0.003

1.75 (1.50–2.04)

< 0.001

  ≥ 16

2.45 (2.08–2.88)

< 0.001

2.34 (1.48–3.70)

< 0.001

2.36 (1.84–3.03)

< 0.001

Frailty status

 Not frail (GFI 0–3)

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Frail (GFI ≥ 4)

1.11 (1.04–1.18)

0.003

1.38 (1.13–1.67)

0.001

1.09 (0.99–1.21)

0.09

 Unknown

1.21 (1.12–1.31)

< 0.001

1.61 (1.29–2.01)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.21–1.54)

< 0.001

Comorbidity status

 No comorbidities

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 1 comorbidity

1.21 (1.12–1.31)

< 0.001

1.09 (0.87–1.37)

0.44

1.14 (1.01–1.29)

0.04

 2 comorbidities

1.15 (1.06–1.25)

0.001

1.58 (1.24–2.03)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.19–1.56)

< 0.001

  ≥ 3 comorbidities

1.32 (1.22–1.43)

< 0.001

2.01 (1.57–2.57)

< 0.001

1.58 (1.39–1.80)

< 0.001

  1. Adjusted for all variables in the table
  2. CI confidence interval, ISS Injury Severity Score, GFI Groningen Frailty Index
  3. a Based on 1909 cases
  4. b Based on 1369 cases
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