Effectiveness of a peer-based intervention on loneliness and social isolation of older Chinese immigrants in Canada: a randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Within-group changes before and after the intervention and between-group differences in changes

Outcomes	Intervention (n = 30)		Control (n = 30)		Time* Group effect: p-value	Between-group difference (95% CI)	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Outcomes	T2-T1, M (SD)/n (%)	Change (p-value)	T2-T1, M (SD)	Change (p-value)	Time* Group effect: p-value	Between-group difference (95% CI)	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Primary outcomes
Loneliness	−.63 (1.45)	2.39(.02)^e	.53 (1.33)	−2.19(.04) ^e	.018	1.17(.45 to 1.89)	.834
Barriers to social participation	−1.27 (2.05)	3.28(.001)^d	.13(.73)	−1.21(.226)^d	.018	−.57(− 1.00 to −.13)	.908
Social support	.43 (4.62)	−.51(.61)^e	−1.4 (4.78)	1.60(.12)^e	.460	–	–
Secondary outcomes
Life satisfaction	5 (16.7%)	5.00(.025)^c	1 (3.33%)	1.00(.32)^c	N/A^f	–	–
Happiness	1.07 (1.53)	−3.36(.0008)^d	.47 (2.00)	−1.11(.27)^d	.36	–	–
Depression	7 (23.3%)	7.00(.0082)^c	−1 (3.33%)	.20(.65)^c	.06	–	–
Anxiety	−.5 (1.43)	1.187(.235)^d	−.27(.91)	1.39(.17)^d	.657	–	–
Resilience	.73 (1.44)	−2.44 (.01)^d	−.63 (1.13)	2.74(.006)^d	.004	−1.37(− 2.03 to −.70)	1.051
Purpose in life	−1.6 (4.94)	1.946(.052)^d	−.67 (6.24)	.76(.445)^d	.801	–	–

^aIndependent sample t-test; ^bWilcoxon rank-sum test; ^cMcNemar’s test; ^dWilcoxon signed rank test; ^ePaired-sample test; ^fAs the expected frequency in table cells was low, statistical analysis could not be performed

ISSN: 1471-2318