Table 3 Outcome measures and summary of main findings of all selected studies
Study | Outcome measures | Follow-up | Adverse events | Participants feedback | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsett et al. 2017 [30] | 6MWT, TUG, 10-m walk test (speed), BOOMER | N | Shortness of breath (1), dizziness (2) | Reported | LE group showed greater improvements in 6MWT. No significant differences in 10-m gait speed and BOOMER. |
Arnold et al. 2008 [11] | BBS, FRT, backward tandem walk | N | Pain: 29% AE, 52% LE. Muscle cramping and stiffness: 25% AE, 3% LE | NR | AE group showed a greater improvement only in the backward tandem walk versus LE group. No significant differences in BBS and FRT between two groups. |
Avelar et al. 2010 [32] | DGI, BBS, Tandem gait test, 10-m gait speed test | N | NR | NR | Both intervention groups showed improvements only in DGI and BBS, with no difference between groups. |
Bergamin et al. 2013 [34] | 8-foot up-and-go test | N | None | NR | Both intervention groups showed improvements, with significantly greater improvement in AE group. |
Pérez de la Cruz et al. 2017 [37] | BBS, Tinetti Scale, FTSTS, TUG | 1 month | None | NR | Only AE group showed improvements in all variables, except the FTSTS. LE group showed no improvements in any of the balance measures. |
Pérez de la Cruz et al. 2018 [36] | TUG, FTSTS, | 1 month | NR | NR | AE (Ai Chi) group showed improvements in TUG and FTSTS in post-treatment and 1-month follow-up, whereas the dryland group showed no significant differences. |
Simmons and Hansen 1996 [33] | FRT | N (10–12: injury tracking) | NR | NR | AE group showed gradual improvements in each week. LE group showed improvement only in the initial week. At week 5 (post), AE group showed significant improvement compared to LE groups. |
Vivas et al. 2011 [38] | FRT, BBS, 5-m walk test, TUG | 17 days | NR | NR | Both exercise groups showed improvements in FRT. Only the AE group improved in the BBS. |
Volpe et al 2014 [39] | Instrumental version of FRT, TUG, BBS, | N | None | NR | Both groups showed improvements in all outcome variables, with a better improvement in AE group BBS. |
Volpe et al. 2017 [40] | TUG, BBS | 2 months | NR | NR | Both groups showed improvements in all parameters, with no intergroup differences. |
Zivi et al., 2018 [35] | BBS, Dynamic Gait Index | N | NR | NR | AE group showed a greater improvement in the Dynamic Gait Index. No significant difference in BBS between groups. |