Table 3 Binary logistic regression models for malnourished/ at malnutrition risk % vs. normal- nourishment on personal and health characteristics

Age (year)

1.141 (1.012–1.264)

0.003

1.119 (0.236–1.176)

0.326

Children (number)

1.307 (0.786–2.150)

0.311

Gender (male vs female)

0.863 (0.544–1.324)

0.445

Marital status (single vs married)

1.520 (1.205–2.224)

0.034

1.368 (0.538–1.714)

0.213

Education

0.003

0.313

 Primary/middle school vs Illiterate

0.868 (0.564–1.076)

0.164

0.814 (0.564–1.345)

0.283

 High school vs Illiterate

0.643 (0.334–0.867)

0.008

0.589 (0.378–1.410)

0.628

 University vs Illiterate

0.346 (0.233–0.762)

0.003

0.416 (0.264–1.360)

0.071

Financial dependency (independent vs dependent)

0.748 (0.486–0.903)

0.001

0.625 (0.233–0.938)

0.010

Family Income

0.002

0.437

 Inadequate vs Adequate

1.148 (1.034–1.956)

< 0.001

1.223 (0.628–1.719)

0.684

 Almost enough vs Adequate

1.082 (0.854–2.231)

0.732

1.218 (0.769–1.648)

0.763

Live with

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Alone vs Spouse

1.153 (1.021–2.063)

0.001

1.249 (1.105–2.620)

< 0.001

 Children vs Spouse

2.156 (1.455–3.487)

< 0.001

1.611 (1.112–2.328)

< 0.001

Physical disabilities number

< 0.001

< 0.001

  One vs none

1.118 (0.124 ± 1.156)

0.641

1.213 (0.735 ± 2.248)

0.515

  Two vs none

1.107 (0.923 ± 1.172)

0.387

1.183 (0.649 ± 2.543)

0.528

   ≥ Three vs none

2.320 (2.115 ± 3.151)

< 0.001

2.183 (1.246 ± 3.250)

< 0.001

Daily drug intake number

1.136 (0.668–1.319)

0.362

Self-rated healthy

< 0.001

0.356

  Not sure vs not healthy

0.825 (0.543–1.150)

0.186

0.821 (0.438–1.129)

0.424

  Like others vs not healthy

0.712 (0.446–0.931)

0.017

0.642 (0.421–1.262)

0.231

  Better than others vs not healthy

0.628 (0.333–0.928)

< 0.001

0.586 (0.159–1.322)

0.121

Chronic disease number

2.254 (1.346–3.540)

< 0.001

2.148 (1.167–2.879)

< 0.001

Smoking status (yes vs no)

1.437 (0.790–2.258)

0.132

MMSE (normal cognition vs low cognition)

0.440 (0.231–0.892)

< 0.001

0.456 (0.293–0.934)

< 0.001

ADL (Independent vs Dependent)

0.576 (0.343–0.948)

< 0.001

0.536 (0.327–0.976)

< 0.001

IADL

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Moderate vs  Dependent

0.558 (0.352–0.876)

< 0.001

0.782 (0.352–0.879)

0.042

  Independent vs Dependent

0.332 (0.215–0.748)

< 0.001

0.319 (0.194–0.856)

< 0.001

Frailty

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Pre frail vs frail

0.735 (0.174–1.027)

0.057

0.698 (0.328–1.137)

0.079

  Normal vs frail

0.320 (0.231–0.868)

< 0.001

0.253 (0.117–0.729)

< 0.001