Table 1 Participant characteristics for the five frailty transition groups (N = 788)
Characteristics | Study Population | Frailty Transition Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Remain Non-frail | Improve# | Remain Pre-frail | Remain Frail | Worse^ | |
No. of Subject | N = 1425 | 788 | 184 | 191 | 103 | 41 | 269 |
Age, years +* | 77.2 (5.5) | 78.8 (5.1) | 77.6 (4.4) | 79.0 (5.2) | 79.5 (5.4) | 81.3 (6.0) | 78.8 (5.0) |
Female ‡ | 827 (58.1%) | 474 (60.2%) | 108 (58.7%) | 117 (61.3%) | 63 (61.2%) | 26 (63.4%) | 160 (59.5%) |
US Born ‡ | 829 (58.2%) | 459 (58.2%) | 116 (63.0%) | 106 (55.5%) | 54 (52.4%) | 27 (65.9%) | 156 (58.0%) |
Married ‡ | 736 (51.6%) | 372 (47.2%) | 96 (52.2%) | 86 (45.0%) | 44 (42.7%) | 12 (29.3%) | 134 (49.8%) |
Education, years +* | 5.0 (3.9) | 4.6 (3.8) | 5.3 (4.1) | 4.4 (3.7) | 4.8 (3.4) | 3.1 (2.7) | 4.4 (3.7) |
BMI, kg/m2 + | 28.3 (5.6) | 28.1 (5.4) | 28.0 (4.8) | 28.7 (5.1) | 28.3 (5.8) | 28.9 (7.3) | 27.5 (5.6) |
ADL Total Score +* | 0.3 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.4) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.5 (1.5) | 1.5 (2.1) | 0.4 (1.2) |
MMSE Total Score +* | 22.6 (5.5) | 22.1 (5.5) | 23.2 (4.7) | 22.2 (5.5) | 21.8 (5.5) | 19.2 (5.8) | 21.8 (5.7) |
MMSE < 21 ‡* | 473 (33.2%) | 288 (36.7%) | 52 (28.3%) | 65 (34.0%) | 39 (38.2%) | 24 (58.5%) | 108 (40.4%) |
CES-D Total Score +* | 7.7 (8.6) | 6.1 (6.9) | 3.4 (4.2) | 6.2 (5.9) | 6.2 (6.3) | 11.2 (9.6) | 7.0 (8.0) |
> = 1 Comorbidity ‡* | 1033 (72.5%) | 670 (85.0%) | 145 (78.8%) | 169 (88.5%) | 89 (86.4%) | 39 (95.1%) | 228 (84.8%) |
Hospitalization ‡* |  | 161 (20.4%) | 22 (12.0%) | 40 (20.9%) | 24 (23.3%) | 14 (34.1%) | 61 (22.7%) |
ER admission ‡ |  | 257 (32.6%) | 60 (32.6%) | 55 (28.8%) | 37 (35.9%) | 17 (41.5%) | 88 (32.7%) |
Physician visit + | Â | 9.0 (7.6) | 8.1 (6.9) | 9.0 (7.4) | 8.5 (6.5) | 9.5 (8.1) | 9.9 (8.3) |
Total payment &+* | Â | 8609(19393) | 5260(11970) | 8794 (19114) | 7674(16287) | 10,204(14401) | 10,883(24534) |
Outpatient payment + | Â | 3677(5332) | 2774(3188) | 4132 (7622) | 3244(3286) | 3676(3142) | 4136(5366) |
Outpatient service ‡ | |||||||
 Evaluation and Management * |  | 725 (92.0%) | 163 (88.6%) | 171 (89.5%) | 94 (91.3%) | 39 (95.1%) | 258 (95.9%) |
 Pathology and Laboratory |  | 669 (84.9%) | 155 (84.2%) | 157 (82.2%) | 81 (78.6%) | 37 (90.2%) | 239 (88.8%) |
 Medicine |  | 641 (81.3%) | 140 (76.1%) | 155 (81.2%) | 84 (81.6%) | 36 (87.8%) | 226 (84.0%) |
 Radiology |  | 568 (72.1%) | 128 (69.6%) | 137 (71.7%) | 73 (70.9%) | 32 (78.0%) | 198 (73.6%) |
 Surgery* |  | 405 (51.4%) | 84 (45.7%) | 95 (49.7%) | 55 (53.4%) | 30 (73.2%) | 141 (52.4%) |