Table 4 Summary of participants’ scores on loneliness, depression, anxiety, and anxious depression in relation to demographic factors
Variable | Total sample (N = 1099) | Loneliness |  | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ULS-8 scores, M (SD) | Lonely (n = 240) | Not lonely (n = 859) | t (df), χ2 (df), F (df) |  | |||
Age group | n | (%) |  |  |  | F (2,1096) = 0.681 |  |
 65–69 Years | 254 | (23.1) | 20.32 (3.65) | 56 (22.0) | 198 (78.0) | χ2 (2) = 3.960 |  |
 70–74 years | 516 | (47.0) | 20.42 (3.72) | 124 (24.0) | 392 (76.0) |  |  |
 75 years & Above | 329 | (29.9) | 20.12 (3.32) | 60 (18.2) | 269 (81.8) |  |  |
Gender |  |  |  |  |  | t (1097) = −1.813 |  |
 Male | 598 | (54.4) | 20.13 (3.50) | 112 (18.7) | 486 (81.3) | χ2 (1) = 7.428 |  |
 Female | 501 | (45.6) | 20.52 (3.68) | 128 (25.5) | 373 (74.5) |  |  |
Place of residence |  |  |  |  |  | t (1097) = − 1.108 |  |
 Urban | 627 | (57.1) | 20.20 (3.64) | 127 (20.3) | 500 (79.7) | χ2 (1) = 2.143 |  |
 Rural | 472 | (42.9) | 20.45 (3.52) | 113 (23.9) | 359 (76.1) |  |  |
Level of education |  |  |  |  |  | F (2,1096) = 0.053 |  |
 Primary education | 206 | (18.7) | 20.35 (3.47) | 46 (22.3) | 160 (77.7) | χ2 (2) = 0.211 |  |
 Secondary education | 380 | (34.6) | 20.34 (3.49) | 80 (21.1) | 300 (78.9) |  |  |
 Tertiary education | 513 | (46.7) | 20.27 (3.71) | 114 (22.1) | 399 (77.8) |  |  |
Marital Status |  |  |  |  |  | F (3,1095) = 1.407 |  |
 Single | 178 | (16.2) | 20.05 (3.78) | 36 (20.2) | 142 (79.8) | χ2 (3) = 3.103 |  |
 Divorced/Separated | 226 | (20.6) | 20.58 (3.50) | 59 (26.1) | 167 (73.9) |  |  |
 Married | 591 | (53.8) | 20.36 (3.53) | 124 (21.0) | 467 (79.0) |  |  |
 Widowed | 104 | (9.5) | 19.83 (3.76) | 21 (20.2) | 83 (79.8) |  |  |
Monthly Income (pension earning) |  |  |  |  |  | F (3,1095) = 0.997 |  |
  < #10,000 | 402 | (36.6) | 20.29 (3.62) | 94 (23.4) | 308 (76.6) | χ2 (3) = 1.240 |  |
 #10,000-#19,000 | 514 | (46.8) | 20.32 (3.58) | 109 (21.2) | 405 (78.8) |  |  |
 #20,000 - #29,000 | 121 | (11.0) | 20.65 (3.50) | 23 (19.0) | 98 (81.0) |  |  |
 #30,000 & above | 62 | (5.6) | 19.68 (3.67) | 14 (22.2) | 48 (77.8) |  |  |
Depression, M (SD) |  |  |  |  |  | t (1097) = −0.755 |  |
 Depressed | 571 | (52.0) | 20.22 (3.47) | 134 (23.5) | 437 (76.5) | χ2 (1) = 1.849 |  |
 Non-depressed | 528 | (48.0) | 20.39 (3.69) | 106 (20.1) | 422 (79.9) |  |  |
Anxiety, M (SD) |  |  |  |  |  | t (1097) = −1.066 |  |
 Anxious | 304 | (27.7) | 20.24 (3.57) | 73 (24.0) | 231 (76.0) | χ2 (1) = 1.165 |  |
 Non-anxious | 795 | (72.3) | 20.49 (3.65) | 167 (21.0) | 628 (79.0) |  |  |
Anxious depression, M(SD) |  |  |  |  |  | t (1097) = − 0.416 |  |
 Anxious depressed | 225 | (20.5) | 20.28 (3.57) | 186 (21.3) | 688 (78.7) | χ2 (1) = 0.775 |  |
 Non-anxious depressed | 874 | (79.5) | 20.40 (3.73) | 54 (24.0) | 171 (76.0) |  |  |