Table 3 Associations between sleep quality and loneliness in the rural elderly individuals in Shandong, China (2016)

 60’s

1

1

1

 70’s

1.950 (1.448–2.627)

0.000

1.465 (1.167–1.839)

0.013

1.443 (1.148–1.815)

0.002

 80+

1.470 (0.172–1.840)

0.001

1.866 (1.382–2.519)

0.000

1.795 (1.324–2.433)

0.000

 Female

1

1

1

 Male

0.885 (0.722–1.085)

0.241

0.898 (0.732–1.102)

0.304

0.904 (0.736–1.112)

0.340

 Others^a

1

1

1

 Couple

1.148 (0.917–1.438)

0.231

1.191 (0.949–1.495)

0.131

1.172 (0.933–1.473)

0.172

 Primary school or below

1

1

1

 Junior school

1.752 (1.306–2.351)

0.000

1.749 (1.300–2.351)

0.000

1.664 (1.234–2.243)

0.001

 High school and above

0.937 (0.666–1.319)

0.901

1.040 (0.638–1.271)

0.552

0.876 (0.620–1.239)

0.455

 Mental labour

1

1

1

 Manual labour

0.478 (0.369–0.619)

0.000

0.491 (0.379–0.637)

0.000

0.552 (0.422–0.722)

0.000

 less than 1000

1

1

1

 1000 ~ 3000

1.169 (0.981–1.786)

0.245

1.220 (0.937–1.589)

0.140

1.225 (0.939–1.598)

0.134

 3000 ~ 5000

0.923 (0.701–1.214)

0.565

0.980 (0.744–1.292)

0.887

0.982 (0.744–1.296)

0.897

 5000and above

1.324 (0.981–1.786)

0.066

1.201 (0.890–1.632)

0.226

1.115 (0.820–1.517)

0.488

 Good

1

1

1

 Bad

1.517 (0.987–2.333)

0.058

1.543 (1.002–2.425)

0.049

1.547 (1.001–2.387)

0.049

 No

1

 Yes

1.519 (1.207 ~ 1.912)

0.000

1.553 (1.231 ~ 1.958)

0.000

1.514 (1.198 ~ 1.912)

0.000

 3+

1

 2

1.132 (0.895 ~ 1.433)

0.301

1.126 (0.890 ~ 1.428)

0.322

1.065 (0.839 ~ 1.351)

0.607

 1

1.950 (1.420 ~ 2.678)

0.000

1.946 (1.415 ~ 2.680)

0.000

1.833 (1.327 ~ 2.529)

0.000

 0

1.235 (0.628 ~ 2.428)

0.540

1.150 (0.583 ~ 2.270)

0.687

1.041 (0.525 ~ 2.063)

0.910

 NO

1

1

1

 Yes

0.746 (0.592–0.939)

0.013

0.855 (0.676–1.081)

0.190

0.890 (0.715–1.131)

0.342

 NO

1

1

1

 Yes

0.992 (0.803–1.228)

0.944

0.949 (0.766–1.176)

0.634

1.022 (0.819–1.276)

0.847

 Normal

1

1

1

 Lean

1.206 (0.849–1.714)

0.295

1.212 (0.850–1.725)

0.288

1.158 (0.811–1.652)

0.418

 Overweight+

1.140 (0.930–1.398)

0.208

1.078 (0.877–1.324)

0.474

1.059 (0.861–1.302)

0.588

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

1.319 (1.079–1.613)

0.007

1.270 (1.037–1.556)

0.021

1.287 (1.048–1.579)

0.016

Quality of life

1.006 (1.001–0.010)

0.009

1.007 (1.002–1.011)

0.002

1.007 (1.002–1.011)

0.003

Sleep quality

1.111 (1.078–1.145)

0.000

Subjective sleep quality

0.765 (0.649–0.902)

0.001

Sleep latency

1.346 (1.178–1.537)

0.000

Sleep duration

1.316 (1.139–1.522)

0.000

Habitual-sleep efficiency

1.350 (0.925–1.148)

0.588

Sleep disturbances

0.984 (0.811–1.194)

0.873

Use of sleeping medication

1.175 (1.005–1.372)

0.042

Daytime dysfunction

1.267 (1.079–1.487)

0.004