Table 2 Participants’ characteristics (n = 794)
Variables | Presence of non-disabled frailty | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Age group (years) | |||
 60–69 | 315 (61.0) | 125 (45.0) | 0.000 |
 70–79 | 146 (28.3) | 89 (32.0) |  |
 ≥ 80 | 55 (10.7) | 64 (23.0) |  |
Gender | |||
 Male | 268 (51.9) | 132 (47.5) | .13 |
 Female | 248 (48.1) | 146 (52.5) |  |
Ethnicity | |||
 Brahmin/chhetri/thakuri | 41 (7.9) | 28 (10.1) |  |
 Aadiwasi/Janajatis | 175 (33.9) | 123 (44.2) | 0.000 |
 Dalit | 104 (20.2) | 53 (19.1) |  |
 Madheshi | 169 (32.8) | 74 (26.6) |  |
 Other ethnical groups | 27 (5.2) | 0 (0) |  |
Religion | |||
 Hinduism | 403 (78.1) | 222 (79.9) |  |
 Buddhism | 8 (1.6) | 11 (4.0) | .03 |
 Islam | 91 (17.6) | 34 (12.2) |  |
 Christianity | 14 (2.6) | 11 (4.0) |  |
Marital status | |||
 Married | 292 (56.6) | 133 (47.8) | .04 |
 Widow/widower/divorced/separated/unmarried | 224 (43.4) | 145 (52.2) |  |
Living arrangement | |||
 Stays with family including spouse | 389 (75.4) | 194 (69.8) | .21 |
 Stays with spouse only | 88 (17.1) | 60 (21.6) |  |
 Stays alone | 39 (7.6) | 24 (8.6) |  |
Literacy status | |||
 Illiterate | 398 (77.1) | 238 (85.6) | .005 |
 Literate | 118 (22.9) | 40 (14.4) |  |
Occupation | |||
 Employed | 248 (48.1) | 116 (41.7) |  |
 Unemployed | 259 (50.2) | 159 (57.2) | .15 |
 Retired/Pensioner | 9 (1.7) | 3 (1.1) |  |
Monthly personal income (NPR) | |||
 No income< NRs.500 | 340 (64.9) | 184 (35.) | .007 |
 NRs.500–2000 | 79 (56.4) | 61 (43.6) |  |
 >NRs. 2000 | 97 (74.6) | 33 (25.4) |  |
Smoking habit | |||
 Never smoker | 194 (37.6) | 106 (38.1) | .94 |
 Having smoking history | 322 (62.4) | 172 (61.9) |  |
Alcohol drinking habit | |||
 Never drinker | 321 (62.2) | 183 (65.8) | .35 |
 Having alcohol drinking history | 195 (37.8) | 95 (34.2) |  |
Tobacco chewing habit | |||
 Never tobacco chewer | 256 (49.6) | 155 (55.8) | .87 |
 Having tobacco chewing history | 260 (50.4) | 123 (44.2) |  |
Physical activity | |||
 Daily physical exercise | 97 (18.8) | 85 (30.6) | .000 |
 No physical exercise at all | 419 (81.2) | 193 (69.4) |  |
Presence of any co-morbidities | |||
 Yes | 296 (57.4) | 193 (68.4) | .001 |
 No | 220 (42.6) | 85 (30.6) |  |
Depressive symptoms’ | |||
 Yes | 259 (50.2) | 184 (66.2) | .000 |
 No | 257 (49.8) | 94 (33.8) |  |
Activities of daily living | |||
 Dependence | 169 (32.8) | 204 (73.4) | 0.000 |
 Independent | 347 (67.2) | 74 (26.6) |  |
Memory concentration problems in last 30 days | |||
 Yes | 169 (32.8) | 139 (50.0 | .000 |
 No | 347 (67.2) | 139 (50.0) |  |
Getting enough support from family members/caregivers | |||
 Yes | 80 | 40 | .07 |
 No | 436 | 238 |  |