Table 2 Variables of interest frequencies and subhazard ratios
First Event | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable names | Total n (%) | Alive, no fracture | Fracture | Death | Crude SHR (95% CI) | Adjusted* |
Cognitive Skillsb | ||||||
Independent | 21,505 (47.7) | 14,815 (50.4) | 1239 (41.2) | 5451 (43.1) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal Independence | 16,512 (36.7) | 10,651 (36.3) | 1169 (38.8) | 4692 (37.1) | 1.32 (1.18, 1.48) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) |
Moderate to Severe dependence | 7028 (15.6) | 3915 (13.3) | 602 (20.0) | 2511 (19.8) | 1.53 (1.33, 1.75) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.41) |
Hearingc | ||||||
Adequate | 23,142 (51.4) | 15,912 (54.2) | 1390 (46.2) | 5840 (46.2) | 1 REFRENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal to moderate | 20,056 (44.5) | 12,518 (42.6) | 1456 (48.4) | 6082 (48.1) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) |
Severe to none | 1841 (4.1) | 951 (3.2) | 164 (5.4) | 726 (5.7) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.74) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.55) |
Visiond | ||||||
Adequate | 32,013 (71.1) | 21,552 (73.4) | 1995 (66.3) | 8466 (66.9) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal to moderate | 11,863 (26.3) | 7165 (24.4) | 919 (30.5) | 3779 (29.9) | 1.32 (1.19, 1.48) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) |
Severe to none | 1162 (2.6) | 663 (2.3) | 96 (3.2) | 403 (3.2) | 1.38 (1.04, 1.83) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.55) |
Walkinga | ||||||
Independent | 34,524 (76.6) | 24,553 (83.6) | 1881 (62.5) | 8090 (63.9) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Some assistance required | 6633 (14.7) | 3270 (11.1) | 733 (24.4) | 2630 (20.8) | 1.40 (1.23, 1.60) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44) |
Maximum Assistance/Dependent | 2336 (5.2) | 903 (3.1) | 285 (9.5) | 1148 (9.1) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.45) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.93) |
Locomotione | ||||||
Independent | 35,033 (77.8) | 24,905(84.8) | 1919 (63.8) | 8209 (64.9) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Some assistance required | 6228 (13.8) | 3051 (10.4) | 683 (22.7) | 2494 (19.7) | 1.44 (1.26, 1.64) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.47) |
Dependent | 2971 (6.6) | 1118 (3.8) | 335 (11.1) | 1518 (12.0) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.55) |
Primary Mode of Locomotionb | ||||||
Walking, no assistive device | 14,486 (32.2) | 11,155 (38.0) | 498 (16.5) | 2833 (22.4) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Assisted walking | 28,367 (63.0) | 17,290 (58.8) | 2360 (78.4) | 8717 (68.9) | 1.29 (1.15, 1.45) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) |
Unable to walk | 2192 (4.9) | 936 (3.2) | 152 (5.0) | 1104 (8.7) | 0.54 (0.39, 0.77) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.27) |
Timed 4 Metre walkf | ||||||
0–15 s | 27,062 (60.1) | 19,485 (66.3) | 1551 (51.5) | 6026 (47.6) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
16–29 s | 3927 (8.7) | 2473 (8.4) | 313 (10.4) | 1141 (9.0) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) |
30+ seconds | 4026 (8.9) | 2466 (8.4) | 311 (10.3) | 1249 (9.9) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) |
Incomplete test | 10,025 (22.3) | 4955 (16.9) | 835 (27.7) | 4235 (33.5) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.03) |
Total hours of exercise or physical activityb | ||||||
None/Less than 1 h | 23,871 (53.0) | 14,438 (49.1) | 1612 (53.6) | 7821 (61.8) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
1–4 h | 18,745 (41.6) | 13,155 (44.8) | 1267 (42.1) | 4323 (34.2) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) |
4 h or more | 2429 (5.4) | 1788 (6.1) | 131 (4.4) | 510 (4.0) | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) |
Number of days left house in last 3 daysb | ||||||
None | 14,987 (33.3) | 7563 (25.7) | 1371 (45.5) | 6053 (47.8) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
1–2 days | 11,963 (26.6) | 8011 (27.3) | 782 (26.0) | 3170 (25.1) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) |
3 days | 18,095 (40.2) | 13,807 (47.0) | 857 (28.5) | 3431 (27.1) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) |
Bladder Continenceg | ||||||
Continent | 28,200 (62.6) | 19,125 (65.1) | 1720 (57.1) | 7355 (58.1) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Infrequently incontinent | 4280 (8.5) | 2819 (9.6) | 286 (9.5) | 1175 (9.3) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.11) |
Occasionally incontinent | 4079 (9.1) | 2558 (8.7) | 325 (10.8) | 1196 (9.5) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.54) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) |
Frequently Incontinent | 6865 (15.2) | 4161 (14.2) | 541 (18.0) | 2163 (17.1) | 1.22 (1.06, 1.40) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) |
Incontinent | 1586 (3.5) | 705 (2.4) | 133 (4.4) | 748 (5.9) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.39) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.74) |
Bowel Continenceh | ||||||
Continent | 37,767 (83.8) | 25,665 (87.3) | 2403 (79.8) | 9699 (76.6) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Infrequently incontinent | 2912 (6.5) | 1710 (5.8) | 211 (7.0) | 991 (7.8) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.36) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) |
Occasionally Incontinent | 2331 (5.2) | 1159 (3.9) | 221 (7.3) | 951 (7.5) | 1.34 (1.09, 1.64) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) |
Frequently Incontinent | 1089 (2.4) | 475 (1.6) | 94 (3.1) | 520 (4.1) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.34) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.20) |
Incontinent | 840 (1.9) | 326 (1.1) | 73 (2.4) | 441 (3.5) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.06) | 0.87 (0.49, 1.56) |
Fatiguei | ||||||
None | 13,194 (29.3) | 9642 (32.8) | 786 (26.1) | 2766 (21.9) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Minimal to Moderate | 26,380 (58.6) | 17,224 (58.6) | 1897 (63.0) | 7259 (57.4) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.33) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.31) |
Severe | 5469 (12.1) | 2514 (8.6) | 327 (10.9) | 2628 (20.8) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.09) |
Difficult or unable to move self to standingi | ||||||
Not present | 28,012 (62.2) | 19,616 (66.8) | 1619 (53.8) | 6777 (53.6) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 17,031 (37.8) | 9764 (33.2) | 1391 (46.2) | 5876 (46.4) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) |
Dizzinessi | ||||||
Not present | 38,108 (84.6) | 24,968 (85.0) | 2565 (85.2) | 10,575 (83.6) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 6935 (15.4) | 4412 (15.0) | 445 (14.8) | 2078 (16.4) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.23) |
Unsteady Gaiti | ||||||
Not present | 21,569 (47.9) | 15,058 (51.2) | 1187 (39.4) | 5324 (42.1) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 23,474 (52.1) | 14,322 (48.7) | 1823 (60.6) | 7329 (57.9) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) |
Previous Falli | ||||||
No Fall | 26,889 (59.7) | 18,626 (63.4) | 1199 (39.8) | 7064 (55.8) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Had at least one fall | 18,154 (40.3) | 10,754 (36.6) | 1811 (60.2) | 5589 (44.2) | 1.36 (1.23, 1.51) | 1.17 (1.05, 1.31) |
Previous hip fracturea | ||||||
None | 44,232 (98.2) | 29,266 (99.6) | 2369 (78.7) | 12,567 (99.5) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Had previous fracture | 812 (1.8) | 115 (0.4) | 641 (21.3) | 56 (0.4) | 5.37 (3.83, 7.52) | 4.16 (2.93, 5.89) |
Previous Other fracturea | ||||||
None | 43,704 (97.0) | 28,629 (97.4) | 2816 (93.6) | 12,259 (96.9) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Had previous fracture | 1340 (3.0) | 752 (2.6) | 194 (6.4) | 1.55 (1.20, 2.01) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.36) | |
Easily Distractedj | ||||||
Not present | 34,633 (76.9) | 22,806 (77.6) | 2250 (74.8) | 9577 (75.7) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 10,400 (23.1) | 6572 (22.4) | 760 (25.2) | 3068 (24.2) | 1.34 (1.20, 1.50) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.27) |
Mental Function Varies over the course of a dayj | ||||||
Not present | 35,107 (77.9) | 23,404 (79.7) | 2259 (75.0) | 9444 (74.60 | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 9926 (22.0) | 5974 (20.3) | 751 (25.0) | 3201 (25.3) | 1.39 (1.24, 1.56) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.33) |
Wanderingk | ||||||
Not Present | 43,254 (96.0) | 28,287 (96.3) | 2867 (95.2) | 12,100 (95.6) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 1783 (4.0) | 1092 (3.7) | 143 (4.8) | 548 (4.3) | 1.67 (1.36, 2.06) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.72) |
Frequency of Paini | ||||||
No pain | 18,291 (40.6) | 11,660 (39.7) | 1093 (36.3) | 5538 (43.8) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Not in last 3 days | 4573 (10.2) | 3054 (10.4) | 324 (10.8) | 1195 (9.4) | 1.41 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.34 (0.99, 1.81) |
At least once in last 3 days | 22,179 (49.2) | 14,666 (49.9) | 1593 (52.9) | 5920 (46.8) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.11 (0.81, 1.53) |
Intensity of Highest level of Paini | ||||||
None | 18,495 (41.1) | 11,759 (40.0) | 1121 (37.2) | 5615 (44.4) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Mild to Moderate | 19,860 (44.1) | 13,091 (44.6) | 1502 (49.9) | 5267 (41.6) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) |
Severe to Excruciating | 6688 (14.8) | 4530 (15.4) | 387 (12.9) | 1771 (14.0) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.06) | 0.75 (0.52, 1.07) |
Consistency of Paini | ||||||
None/Very Little | 19,792 (43.9) | 12,635 (43.0) | 1193 (39.6) | 5964 (47.1) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Intermittent | 19,399 (43.1) | 12,748 (43.4) | 1478 (49.1) | 5173 (40.9) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 1.22 (0.93, 1.58) |
Constant | 5852 (13.0) | 3997 (13.6) | 339 (11.3) | 1516 (12.0) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 1.24 (0.92, 1.68) |
Body Mass Indexm | ||||||
Underweight | 2292 (5.1) | 1137 (3.9) | 305 (10.1) | 850 (6.7) | 1.87 (1.56, 2.24) | 1.67 (1.39, 2.02) |
Normal | 13,538 (30.1) | 8714 (29.7) | 1004 (33.4) | 3820 (30.2) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Overweight | 7480 (16.6) | 5433 (18.5) | 329 (10.9) | 1718 (13.6) | 0.58 (0.49, 0.69) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.80) |
Obese | 4616 (10.2) | 3630 (12.4) | 132 (4.4) | 854 (6.7) | 0.33 (0.25, 0.44) | 0.47 (0.36, 0.63) |
Smokes tobacco dailyi | ||||||
No | 42,644 (94.7) | 27,851 (94.8) | 2841 (94.4) | 11,952 (94.5) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 2399 (5.3) | 1529 (5.2) | 169 (5.6) | 701 (5.5) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) | 1.56 (1.25, 1.96) |
Consumes Alcoholi | ||||||
None | 35,914 (79.7) | 22,947 (78.1) | 2539 (84.4) | 10,428 (82.4) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
At least one drink | 9129 (20.3) | 6433 (21.9) | 471 (15.6) | 2225 (17.6) | 1.22 (1.06, 1.39) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) |
Weight Loss of 5% or morei | ||||||
No | 38,317 (85.1) | 25,966 (88.4) | 2433 (80.8) | 9918 (78.4) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 6726 (14.9) | 3414 (11.6) | 577 (19.2) | 2735 (21.6) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) |
Dehydratedi | ||||||
No | 44,175 (98.1) | 29,001 (98.7) | 2933 (97.4) | 12,241 (96.7) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 868 (1.9) | 379 (1.3) | 77 (2.6) | 412 (3.3) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.63) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) |
Decrease in food/fluid consumedi | ||||||
No | 40,280 (89.4) | 27,041 (92.0) | 2649 (88.0) | 10,590 (83.7) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 4763 (10.6) | 2339 (8.0) | 361 (12.0) | 2063 (16.3) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.14) |
Parkinson’s Diseasea | ||||||
Not present | 43,263 (96.0) | 28,229 (96.1) | 2854 (94.8) | 12,180 (96.3) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Diagnosis present | 1781 (4.0) | 1152 (3.9) | 156 (5.2) | 473 (3.7) | 1.38 (1.10, 1.72) | 1.45 (1.14, 1.84) |
Stroke/CVAa | ||||||
Not Present | 37,121 (82.4) | 24,339 (82.8) | 2527 (84.0) | 10,255 (81.0) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Diagnosis Present | 7923 (17.6) | 5042 (17.2) | 483 (16.0) | 2398 (19.0) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) |
COPDa | ||||||
Not present | 37,920 (84.2) | 25,293 (86.1) | 2578 (85.6) | 10,049 (79.4) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Diagnosis present | 7124 (15.8) | 4088 (13.9) | 432 (14.4) | 2604 (20.6) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) |
Dyspnoeai | ||||||
Not present | 24,021 (53.3) | 16,555 (56.3) | 1772 (58.9) | 5694 (45.0) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Present | 21,022 (46.7) | 12,825 (43.6) | 1238 (41.1) | 6959 (55.0) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) |
Environmentd | ||||||
No | 39,487 (87.7) | 25,908 (88.2) | 2615 (86.9) | 10,964 (86.6) | 1 REFERENCE | 1 REFERENCE |
Yes | 5551 (12.3) | 3468 (11.8) | 395 (13.1) | 1688 (13.3) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.09) |