Table 1 Study characteristics

Bürge [21]

Dementia

Acute, psychogeriatric ward

78, Physical exercise program, 81.7 (7.7)

82, Usual care, 81.1 (7.7)

A, 4 weeks after A

BI ^e , FIM ^f

Sufficient

Czyzewski [17]

Major abdominal surgery

Subacute, general and colorectal surgery ward

18, Physiotherapy based on elements of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, 75 (5.8)

16, Usual care, 76 (5.6)

3 days before surgery, 4 days after surgery

10MWT ^g , TUG ^h , SAP ⁱ

Sufficient

Haines [23]

Various diagnoses (e.g. orthopaedic, geriatric management, stroke)

Subacute, NG

93, Additional exercise program, 83 (IQR 77,88)

80, Usual care, 81

(IQR 75,86)

A, D

Number of falls, FRT^j, TUG^h, 6MWT^k, Gait velocity, Step length, Muscle strength

Good

Hegerova [22]

Various diagnoses (e.g. cardiovascular, infection, kidney)

Acute, internal medicine ward

100, Rehabilitation and nutritional intervention, 83.6 (3.8)

100, Usual care, 83.2 (3.8)

Day 2 of A, D

Lean body Mass, BI^e,

Good

Jones [25]

NG

Acute, general ward

80, Exercise program, 81.9 (8.0)

80, Usual care, 82.9 (7.6)

Within 2 days of A, D

ModifiedBI ^e , TUG ^h

Sufficient

Kim [15]

NG

Subacute, NG

15, Horse riding simulation, 78.4 (6.2)

15, Ball exercise, 78.5 (6.6)

A, 8 weeks after A

Romberg test, FRT ^j TUG ^h , 10MWT ^g

Good

Laver [24]

Various diagnoses (e.g. medical, pain, fall or fracture)

Subacute, geriatric rehabilitation ward

22, Interactive gaming program, 85.2 (4.7)

22, Usual care, 84.6 (4.4)

Day 2 of A, D

TUG^h, ModifiedBBS^l, SPPB^m, IADLⁿ, FIM^f, ABC^o

Good

Maggioni [37]

Various diagnoses (e.g. cardiovascular, orthopaedic, neurological)

Subacute, rehabilitation ward

1. 10, Kinesiotherapy (KT), 81.2 (5.9)

2. 10, Electrical stimulation (ES), 84.1 (3.4)

3. 10, KT + ES, 82.2 (7.4)

10, Usual care, 82.1 (5.4)

A, D

Muscle strength, 6MWT^k, Tinetti balance and gait test

Good

de Morton [19]

Various diagnoses (e.g. respiratory, circulatory, digestive)

Acute, medical ward

110, Exercise program, 80 (8.0)

126, Usual care, 78 (7.0)

A, D

Discharge destination, TUG^h, BI^e, FAC^p,

Good

Oesch [28]

Musculoskeletal impairment

Subacute, geriatric rehabilitation ward

26, Self-regulated exergames, 73.8 (IQR 67.9, 79.1)

28, Self-regulated conventional exercises, 74.3 (IQR 66.1, 79.3)

A, 10 days after A

Adherence, objective dynamic balance

Good

Parsons [16]

Various diagnoses (e.g. cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neurological)

Subacute, rehabilitation ward

26, Physical therapy and vibration training, 82.1 (6.4)

24, Usual care, 81.8 (8.0)

A, D

PPA^q(muscle strength), FIM^f

Good

Raymond [26]

Various diagnoses (e.g. fracture, fall, respiratory)

Subacute, rehabilitation ward

231, High-intensity functional exercise, 84.5 (7.3)

223, Usual care, 84.1 (6.9)

A, < 48 before D

EMS^r, BBS^l, gait speed, TUG^h

Good

Said [20]

Various diagnoses (e.g. musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, falls)

Subacute, rehabilitation ward

22, Exercise program, 80.8 (4.6)

25, Usual care, 81.6 (6.5)

Within 2 days of A, < 48 h before D

DEMMI^s, EMS^r, TUG^h, BI^e

Good

Tibaek [27]

Various diagnoses (e.g. falls, respiratory, medicine)

Subacute, geriatric rehabilitation ward

29, Progressive resistance strength training, 80 (6.5)

27, Usual care, 79 (7.5)

Within 3 days of A, D

TUG^h, 30s-chair stand test, 10MWT^g, BI^e, Modified FAC^p

Good

Wnuk [18]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery

Subacute, general and vascular surgery ward

1. 15, Backward walking training, 68 (3)

2. 16, Forward walking training, 70 (3)

16, Usual care, 69 (4)

A, 7 days after surgery

6MWT ^k

Good