Disability, quality of life and all-cause mortality in older Mexican adults: association with multimorbidity and frailty

Table 3 Adjusted associations of frailty and multimorbidity with disability, quality of life and all-cause mortality

	Model 1 Disability (WHODAS 2.0)^a		Model 2 Quality of life (WHOQOL)^b		Model 3 Mortality
	β	(95% CI)	β	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)
Frailty
Nonfrail	Reference		Reference		Reference
Prefrail	5.02	(3.24,6.80)*	−2.23	(−3.23,-1.24)*	1.48	(1.05,2.09)*
Frail	13.29	(9.81,16.78)*	−4.38	(−6.32,-2.43)*	1.68	(1.06,2.68)*
Multimorbidity patterns
Pattern 1: Cardiopulmonary^c	5.05	(2.86,7.25)*	−1.81	(−3.04,-0.58)*	0.82	(0.58,1.14)
Pattern 2: Vascular-metabolic^d	3.27	(1.40,5.13)*	−1.3	(−2.34,-0.26)*	1.47	(1.03,2.10)*
Pattern 3: Mental-musculoskeletal^e	5.1	(2.98,7.22)*	−2.99	(−4.17,-1.81)*	0.72	(0.52,1.01)

*p < 0.05; β: beta coefficient; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval. ^aWHODAS 2.0 (0 = no disability, 100 = total disability); ^bWHOQOL (0 = worst quality of life, 100 = best quality of life). ^cPattern 1: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and angina; ^dPattern 2: diabetes, hypertension, stroke and cataracts; ^ePattern 3: arthritis and depression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education (years), residence, and household income; only the Cox proportional model for mortality risk was adjusted for these variables plus disability (WHODAS 2.0 score)

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