Table 2 Discrete time hazard models predicting the onset of functional disability

Extensive social participation

0.92^***

–

–

–

Playing cards/mahjong

–

0.78^***

0.79^***

0.84^***

Organized social activities

–

0.78^***

0.83^**

0.86^*

Paid job (vs. Not involved)

–

0.92

0.97

1.13

Number of siblings frequently visited

–

0.75^***

0.75^***

0.76^***

Residence (vs. Rural)

1.78^***

1.61^***

1.74^***

1.78^***

Gender (vs. Female)

1.06

0.93

0.95

1.07

 70–74

4.11^**

3.88^**

3.95^**

3.70^*

 75–79

5.27^**

4.95^**

5.04^**

4.44^**

 80–84

9.41^***

9.19^***

9.22^***

7.80^***

 85–89

8.89^***

10.09^***

9.72^***

7.16^***

 90 and above

17.12^***

21.26^***

20.09^***

13.63^***

Educated (vs. Illiteracy)

1.33^**

1.15

1.23^*

1.37^**

Married (vs. Unmarried)

1.20

1.12

1.12

1.22

 Fair

1.04

0.82

0.83

1.07

 Good

1.13

0.76

0.78

1.16

Number of living children

1.02

1.03

1.02

1.03

Number of chronic diseases

1.26^***

1.24^***

1.24^***

1.25^***

Physical exercise (vs. No)

0.59^***

0.51^***

0.61^***

Cognitive ability index

0.92^***

0.92^***

Positive emotion index

0.89^***

0.89^***

Constant

0.01^***

0.00^***

0.00^***

0.00^***

N

104,468

104,468

104,468

104,468