|
Model 1 (adjusted for age and sex)
|
Model 2 (Model 1+ Z KES)
|
Model 3 (Model 1+ Z HGS)
|
---|
Z HGS
|
Z KES
|
Z HGS
|
Z KES
|
---|
β
|
SE
|
p
|
β
|
SE
|
p
|
β
|
SE
|
p
|
β
|
SE
|
p
|
---|
Physical
|
Fall in previous 12 months, yes
|
− 0.546
|
0.164
|
0.001
|
− 0.764
|
0.160
|
< 0.001
|
− 0.168
|
0.154
|
0.275
|
− 0.506
|
0.145
|
0.001
|
SPPB, score
|
0.097*
|
0.027
|
< 0.001
|
0.173*
|
0.025
|
< 0.001
|
0.008
|
0.027
|
0.766
|
0.130
|
0.023
|
< 0.001
|
TUG, sec
|
−0.026*
|
0.009
|
0.005
|
− 0.051*
|
0.008
|
< 0.001
|
0.002
|
0.009
|
0.853
|
−0.039
|
0.008
|
< 0.001
|
ADL, score
|
−0.213
|
0.093
|
0.023
|
−0.298
|
0.090
|
0.001
|
−0.046
|
0.081
|
0.571
|
−0.185
|
0.078
|
0.019
|
Nutritional
|
SNAQ, score
|
−0.131
|
0.063
|
0.040
|
−0.149
|
0.064
|
0.020
|
−0.054
|
0.055
|
0.329
|
−0.081
|
0.055
|
0.145
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
0.031
|
0.018
|
0.085
|
0.046
|
0.018
|
0.012
|
0.007
|
0.015
|
0.639
|
0.030
|
0.016
|
0.058
|
Social
|
Care support, yes
|
−0.296
|
0.170
|
0.083
|
−0.600
|
0.167
|
< 0.001
|
0.023
|
0.151
|
0.879
|
−0.447
|
0.144
|
0.002
|
Dependent living, yes
|
−0.334
|
0.226
|
0.142
|
−0.574
|
0.226
|
0.012
|
−0.031
|
0.196
|
0.875
|
−0.397
|
0.194
|
0.042
|
Psychological
|
HADS depression, score
|
−0.063
|
0.024
|
0.009
|
−0.091
|
0.023
|
< 0.001
|
−0.009
|
0.021
|
0.658
|
−0.056
|
0.019
|
0.005
|
HADS anxiety, score
|
−0.064
|
0.023
|
0.006
|
−0.070
|
0.023
|
0.003
|
−0.022
|
0.019
|
0.250
|
−0.032
|
0.019
|
0.097
|
Diseases
|
Multimorbidity, yes
|
−0.001
|
0.162
|
0.994
|
−0.040
|
0.165
|
0.808
|
0.020
|
0.137
|
0.885
|
−0.039
|
0.139
|
0.778
|
Polypharmacy, yes
|
−0.136
|
0.158
|
0.390
|
−0.045
|
0.160
|
0.777
|
−0.112
|
0.134
|
0.404
|
0.027
|
0.136
|
0.842
|
Cognitive
|
MMSE, score
|
0.007
|
0.012
|
0.560
|
0.018
|
0.012
|
0.124
|
−0.003
|
0.010
|
0.790
|
0.014
|
0.010
|
0.149
|
MoCA, score
|
0.032
|
0.017
|
0.065
|
0.024
|
0.019
|
0.207
|
0.021
|
0.015
|
0.166
|
0.006
|
0.016
|
0.730
|
Behavioural
|
Alcohol use, units/week
|
0.010
|
0.011
|
0.352
|
0.019
|
0.011
|
0.080
|
0.000
|
0.009
|
0.994
|
0.014
|
0.009
|
0.139
|
Current smoking, yes
|
−0.122
|
0.238
|
0.609
|
−0.046
|
0.241
|
0.848
|
−0.096
|
0.197
|
0.626
|
0.023
|
0.200
|
0.907
|
- SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, TUG Timed Up & Go, ADL Activities of daily living, SNAQ Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, BMI body mass index, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment. In model 1, β of Z HGS and Z KES were compared with the formula ((β1- β2)/ √(SE12-SE22)) and p values derived from the standard normal distribution table and expressed as * if p < 0.05
- Bold p-values represented significant association between health characteristics with standardized HGS or standardized KES based on linear regression