Table 1 Cohort demographic and clinical characteristics (N = 1,949,352)
| Â | Variable Description | N (%) |
|---|---|---|
Age | ||
|  | 65–69 | 402,909 (20.7%) |
|  | 70–74 | 566,324 (29.1%) |
|  | 75–79 | 397,143 (20.4%) |
|  | 80–84 | 288,020 (14.8%) |
|  | 85–89 | 294,956 (15.1%) |
Gender | ||
| Â | Female | 1,126,172 (57.8%) |
| Â | Male | 823,180 (42.2%) |
Geographic region | ||
| Â | North Central | 382,856 (19.6%) |
| Â | Northeast | 286,616 (14.7%) |
| Â | South | 632,477 (32.5%) |
| Â | West | 643,917 (33.0%) |
| Â | Unknown | 3486 (0.2%) |
Low Income Subsidy | ||
| Â | Yes | 258,476 (13.3%) |
| Â | No | 1,577,011 (80.9%) |
| Â | Unknown | 113,865 (5.8%) |
Deyo-Charlson comorbidity index score | ||
| Â | Mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.9) |
Comorbidities | ||
| Â | Myocardial infarction | 55,652 (2.9%) |
| Â | Peripheral vascular disease | 124,624 (6.4%) |
| Â | Cerebrovascular disease | 175,251 (9.0%) |
| Â | Dementia | 31,640 (1.6%) |
| Â | Rheumatologic disease | 49,924 (2.6%) |
| Â | Peptic ulcer disease | 17,117 (0.9%) |
| Â | Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 6503 (0.3%) |
| Â | Renal disease | 219,910 (11.3%) |
| Â | Chronic pulmonary disease | 285,668 (14.7%) |
| Â | Asthma | 38,117 (2.0%) |
| Â | Heart Failure | 120,061 (6.2%) |
| Â | Cardiomyopathy | 44,327 (2.3%) |
| Â | Diabetes | 486,478 (25.0%) |
| Â | Diabetes with chronic complications | 150,350 (7.7%) |
| Â | Liver Disease | 55,746 (2.9%) |
| Â | Alcoholism | 11,983 (0.6%) |
| Â | Coronary artery disease | 277,519 (14.2%) |
Immunocompromising conditions, N(%) | ||
|  | Asplenia | 170 (< 0.1%) |
|  | Sickle cell disease | 192 (< 0.1%) |
| Â | HIV/AIDS | 1951 (0.1%) |
| Â | Cancer | 131,009 (6.7%) |
| Â | Leukemia, leukemia or myeloma | 20,473 (1.1%) |
| Â | Advanced stage renal disease | 4908 (0.3%) |
| Â | Immunosuppressive medication use | 58,127 (3.0%) |
 Death in 2015 |  | 16,125 (0.8%) |
 Total person years of follow-up |  | 1,940,589 years |