| Females (n = 9732) | Males (n = 3167) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Race | ||||
 White | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
 Black | – | – | 1.732 (1.301–2.305)a | 1.020 (0.673–1.547) |
 Other Race | – | – | 1.092 (0.692–1.723) | 1.769 (1.004–3.118)a |
Nursing Home Region | ||||
 Midwest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Northeast | 0.688 (0.606–0.781)a | 0.604 (0.503–0.727)a | 0.426 (0.337–0.539)a | 0.478 (0.340–0.672)a |
 South | 0.709 (0.630–0.797)a | 1.047 (0.897–1.222) | 0.534 (0.428–0.667)a | 1.101 (0.834–1.454) |
 West | 0.857 (0.698–1.053) | 0.660 (0.483–0.903)a | 0.912 (0.651–1.278) | 0.603 (0.366–0.993)a |
Body Mass Index | ||||
 Underweight | 0.781 (0.656–0.931)a | 0.727 (0.561–0.943)a | 0.816 (0.570–1.170) | 0.442 (0.234–0.837)a |
 Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Overweight | 1.130 (1.002–1.276)a | 1.184 (1.006–1.394)a | 0.982 (0.795–1.211) | 1.365 (1.038–1.796)a |
 Obese | 1.364 (1.200–1.551)a | 1.347 (1.131–1.605)a | 1.394 (1.090–1.783)a | 1.654 (1.201–2.278)a |
Cognitive Performance Score | ||||
 Intact | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Borderline intact/Mild Impairment | 1.008 (0.883–1.150) | 1.061 (0.889–1.267) | 0.960 (0.747–1.235) | 1.016 (0.729–1.417) |
 Moderate impairment | 0.978 (0.845–1.132) | 0.891 (0.730–1.088) | 1.009 (0.772–1.320) | 1.018 (0.711–1.457) |
 Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 0.508 (0.414–0.624)a | 0.445 (0.328–0.603)a | 0.509 (0.358–0.723)a | 0.689 (0.424–1.119) |
CHESS | ||||
 Score of 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Score of 1 or 2 | 0.951 (0.849–1.066) | 0.906 (0.776–1.057) | 0.871 (0.710–1.069) | 0.727 (0.557–0.949)a |
 Score of 3 | 0.788 (0.650–0.956)a | 0.882 (0.675–1.152) | 0.525 (0.361–0.764)a | 0.684 (0.423–1.103) |
 Score of 4 or 5 | 0.648 (0.457–0.920)a | 0.691 (0.412–1.159) | 0.612 (0.299–1.252) | 1.431 (0.639–3.204) |
Activities of Daily Living | 0.990 (0.980–0.999)a | 0.975 (0.963–0.988)a | 0.984 (0.965–1.002) | 0.972 (0.948–0.997)a |
Elixhauser/Other Comorbidities | ||||
 Aphasia | 0.574 (0.416–0.790)a | 0.496 (0.293–0.840)a | – | – |
 Congestive Heart Failure | 0.814 (0.720–0.920)a | 0.811 (0.683–0.963)a | – | – |
 Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 1.348 (1.216–1.494)a | 1.108 (0.962–1.275) | – | – |
 Weight Loss | 0.752 (0.614–0.920)a | 0.746 (0.552–1.007) | – | – |
 Blood Loss Anemia | 0.987 (0.718–1.357) | 0.596 (0.359–0.988)a | – | – |
 Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis | – | – | 1.547 (1.139–2.100)a | 1.598 (1.075–2.376)a |
 Diabetes, Complicated | – | – | 0.940 (0.657–1.344) | 0.454 (0.250–0.826)a |
Bladder Continence | ||||
 Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Usually Continent | 1.157 (0.978–1.370) | 1.028 (0.816–1.295) | 1.476 (1.070–2.035)a | 0.988 (0.645–1.512) |
 Occasionally Incontinent | 1.536 (1.288–1.833)a | 1.346 (1.058–1.712)a | 1.663 (1.295–2.295)a | 1.442 (0.957–2.174) |
 Frequently Incontinent | 1.400 (1.181–1.659)a | 1.403 (1.113–1.770)a | 2.032 (1.509–2.737)a | 1.269 (0.859–1.875) |
 Incontinent | 1.018 (0.815–1.270) | 1.120 (0.812–1.543) | 1.274 (0.908–1.786) | 0.987 (0.620–1.571) |
Indwelling Catheter | 1.006 (0.849–1.191) | 0.769 (0.601–0.985)a | – | – |
Pads/Briefs Used | – | – | 0.793 (0.625–1.006) | 1.286 (0.935–1.767) |
No Bladder Continence Appliance or Program | 1.156 (1.003–1.333)a | 0.935 (0.771–1.134) | – | – |
Bowel Continence | ||||
 Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Usually Continent | 0.741 (0.620–0.885)a | 0.934 (0.740–1.178) | 0.719 (0.515–1.004) | 0.977 (0.647–1.475) |
 Occasionally Incontinent | 0.935 (0.753–1.161) | 0.779 (0.576–1.055) | 0.832 (0.569–1.218) | 0.764 (0.460–1.269) |
 Frequently Incontinent | 0.766 (0.631–0.929)a | 0.649 (0.493–0.854)a | 0.728 (0.522–1.014) | 0.595 (0.374–0.945)a |
 Incontinent | 0.659 (0.535–0.813)a | 0.575 (0.421–0.785)a | 0.731 (0.517–1.033) | 0.569 (0.352–0.921)a |
Bowel Elimination Pattern: Regular | 0.977 (0.869–1.098) | 0.862 (0.736–1.010) | – | – |
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1.118 (0.996–1.256) | 1.217 (1.039–1.426)a | – | – |
Balance While Standing | ||||
 Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
 Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.591 (0.387–0.904)a | 0.738 (0.436–1.248) |
 Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.769 (0.511–1.157) | 0.827 (0.495–1.381) |
 Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.786 (0.512–1.206) | 0.838 (0.486–1.445) |
Balance While Sitting | ||||
 Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
 Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.918 (0.688–1.224) | 1.182 (0.827–1.690) |
 Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.878 (0.664–1.162) | 0.679 (0.454–1.017) |
 Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.601 (0.434–0.831)a | 0.532 (0.331–0.855)a |
Gait | ||||
 Unsteady Gait | 1.147 (1.038–1.267)a | 1.087 (0.949–1.245) | – | – |
 Fell in Past 30 days | 1.137 (1.020–1.266)a | 1.050 (0.906–1.219) | 1.349 (1.10–1.639)a | 1.071 (0.825–1.391) |
 Hip Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.277 (1.050–1.554)a | 1.117 (0.842–1.482) | – | – |
 Other Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.228 (1.035–1.457)a | 1.331 (1.058–1.673)a | – | – |
Concomitant Medications | ||||
 Calcium Channel Blockers | 1.035 (0.929–1.154) | 1.177 (1.018–1.361)a | – | – |
 Cognitive Enhancers | 1.079 (0.960–1.212) | 1.282 (1.097–1.499)a | – | – |
 Antiparkinson | 0.894 (0.755–1.060) | 1.327 (1.066–1.652)a | 0.968 (0.741–1.266) | 1.416 (1.014–1.978)a |
 Antipsychotics | 0.490 (0.433–0.555)a | 0.878 (0.722–1.019) | 0.455 (0.363–0.571)a | 0.928 (0.692–1.245) |
 Antivertigo | 0.292 (0.254–0.337)a | 0.791 (0.650–0.962)a | 0.179 (0.132–0.242)a | 0.573 (0.385–0.853)a |
 Anxiolytic Sedative or Hypnotic Agent | 0.668 (0.580–0.770)a | 1.074 (0.887–1.301) | 0.710 (0.543–0.928)a | 0.881 (0.609–1.275) |
 Antidepressant | 0.593 (0.534–0.658)a | 1.311 (1.136–1.513)a | 0.598 (0.494–0.723)a | 1.277 (0.991–1.646) |
 ARB | 1.045 (0.898–1.216) | 1.337 (1.104–1.619)a | – | – |
 Alpha Blockers | 0.778 (0.637–0.950)a | 0.921 (0.703–1.206) | 1.288 (1.074–1.544)a | 1.785 (1.408–2.264)a |
 Anticonvulsant | 0.740 (0.658–0.833)a | 0.931 (0.794–1.091) | 0.750 (0.607–0.927)a | 0.970 (0.737–1.277) |
 Vasodilators | 0.600 (0.520–0.693)a | 1.043 (0.859–1.268) | 0.516 (0.398–0.669)a | 0.875 (0.618–1.239) |
 Benzodiazepines | 1.821 (1.022–3.245)a | 2.327 (1.156–4.685)a | 3.108 (1.168–8.269)a | 0.573 (0.068–4.790) |
Anticholinergic Burden Score | 1.458 (1.422–1.495)a | 0.796 (0.766–0.828)a | 1.569 (1.495–1.647)a | 0.846 (0.787–0.909)a |