Table 1 Characteristics according to three groups based on vitamin D level and supplement use
Entire cohort | Supplement users | Non-users (n = 152) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 238 | n = 86 (36.1%) | Low vitamin D (<18 ng/mL) n = 55 (23.1%) | High vitamin D (> = 18 ng/mL) n = 97 (40.8%) | p value | |
Frailty Index | 0.39 ± 0.13 | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0.35 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
Frailty (FI > =0.25) | 208 (87.4%) | 84 (97.7%) | 50 (90.9%) | 74 (76.3%) | <0.001 |
25 (OH) D (ng/mL) | |||||
Mean | 23.4 ± 9.8 | 26.6 ± 9.3 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 27.1 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
Range | 4–53 | 6–52 | 4–17 | 18–53 | |
< 20 ng/mL | 89 (37.4%) | 19 (22.1%) | 55 (100.0%) | 15 (15.5%) | <0.001 |
Age | 73.4 ± 13.1 | 79.0 ± 11.7 | 67.4 ± 12.1 | 71.9 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
Body mass index | 26.5 ± 6.7 | 25.1 ± 6.0 | 29.5 ± 8.5 | 26.0 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
Education (year) | 13.0 ± 2.3 | 13.0 ± 2.4 | 13.0 ± 3.0 | 13.0 ± 2.3 | 1.00 |
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 117 (49.2%) | 41 (47.7%) | 21 (38.2%) | 55 (56.7%) | 0.03 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 102 (42.9%) | 41 (47.7%) | 30 (54.5%) | 31 (32.0%) | |
Others | 18 (7.6%) | 3 (3.5%) | 4 (7.3%) | 11 (11.3%) | |
Smoking | |||||
Never | 80 (33.6%) | 27 (31.4%) | 13 (23.6%) | 40 (41.2%) | 0.10 |
Past | 120 (50.4%) | 49 (57.0%) | 30 (54.5%) | 41 (42.3%) | |
Current | 38 (16.0%) | 10 (11.6%) | 12 (21.8%) | 16 (16.5%) | |
Alcohol | |||||
Never | 100 (42.0%) | 39 (45.3%) | 20 (36.4%) | 41 (42.3%) | 0.73 |
Past | 83 (34.9%) | 30 (34.9%) | 22 (40.0%) | 31 (32.0%) | |
Current | 55 (23.1%) | 17 (19.8%) | 13 (23.6%) | 25 (25.8%) | |
Reason for admission | |||||
Rehabilitation | 86 (36.1%) | 26 (30.2%) | 24 (43.6%) | 36 (37.1%) | 0.001 |
Skilled-nursing care | 49 (20.6%) | 7 (8.1%) | 15 (27.3%) | 27 (27.8%) | |
Intermediate care | 8 (3.4%) | 4 (4.7%) | 1 (1.8%) | 3 (3.1%) | |
Respite | 95 (39.9%) | 49 (57.0%) | 15 (27.3%) | 31 (32.0%) | |
Place veterans came from | |||||
Home | 101 (42.4%) | 54 (62.8%) | 15 (27.3%) | 32 (33.0%) | <0.001 |
Acute care | 128 (53.8%) | 28 (32.6%) | 38 (69.1%) | 62 (63.9%) | |
Other nursing home | 9 (3.8%) | 4 (4.7%) | 2 (3.6%) | 3 (3.1%) | |
Season of admission | |||||
Winter | 62 (26.1%) | 23 (37.1%) | 13 (21.0%) | 26 (41.9%) | 0.83 |
Spring | 55 (23.1%) | 18 (32.7%) | 16 (29.1%) | 21 (38.2%) | |
Summer | 62 (26.1%) | 20 (32.3%) | 14 (22.6%) | 28 (45.2%) | |
Autumn | 59 (24.8%) | 25 (42.4%) | 12 (20.3%) | 22 (37.3%) | |
Correlation between FI and 25 (OH) Da | −0.10 p = 0.13 | −0.05 p = 0.63 | −0.19 p = 0.02 | ||
Relative risk of frailty, OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.12 (1.05–1.18) p < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) p = 0.42 | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) p = 0.03 | |