Independent variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological factor included in regression model: | Life satisfaction, (Pavot/Diener 1993) [33] | Positive affect (Watson, Clark & Tellegen 1988) [37] | Negative affect (Watson, Clark & Tellegen 1988) [37] | Optimism (Brandstädter/Wentura 1994) [28] | Self-efficacy (Schwarzer/Jerusalem 1995) [30] | Self-esteem (Rosenberg 1965) [32] | Self-regulation (Freund/Baltes 2002) [36] | Perceived stress (Cohen et al. 1983) [31] |
Gender: Femalea | 1.030 | 1.020 | 1.010 | 1.026 | 1.027 | 1.034 | 1.033 | 1.003 |
(0.896 – 1.183) | (0.888 – 1.172) | (0.879 – 1.161) | (0.893 – 1.177) | (0.895 – 1.179) | (0.901 – 1.187) | (0.899 – 1.188) | (0.873 – 1.152) | |
Age in years | 1.063*** | 1.063*** | 1.064*** | 1.061*** | 1.062*** | 1.062*** | 1.063*** | 1.062*** |
(1.053 – 1.074) | (1.052 – 1.073) | (1.053 – 1.074) | (1.051 – 1.072) | (1.052 – 1.072) | (1.052 – 1.072) | (1.053 – 1.074) | (1.052 – 1.072) | |
Marital status: Not marriedb | 0.797** | 0.803** | 0.805** | 0.794** | 0.800** | 0.799** | 0.801** | 0.812** |
(0.690 – 0.920) | (0.696 – 0.927) | (0.698 – 0.929) | (0.689 – 0.916) | (0.694 – 0.922) | (0.693 – 0.921) | (0.693 – 0.925) | (0.703 – 0.936) | |
Monthly net equivalence income | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
(1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | (1.000 – 1.000) | |
Region: East | 2.776*** | 2.756*** | 2.783*** | 2.770*** | 2.780*** | 2.783*** | 2.724*** | 2.812*** |
(2.418 – 3.188) | (2.401 – 3.165) | (2.423 – 3.198) | (2.414 – 3.179) | (2.422 – 3.191) | (2.425 – 3.194) | (2.370 – 3.131) | (2.447 – 3.231) | |
Body-Mass-Index (BMI) | 1.021** | 1.020** | 1.021** | 1.021** | 1.020** | 1.020** | 1.020* | 1.019* |
(1.005 – 1.036) | (1.005 – 1.036) | (1.006 – 1.037) | (1.005 – 1.036) | (1.005 – 1.036) | (1.005 – 1.036) | (1.005 – 1.035) | (1.004 – 1.035) | |
Smoking status: Yes, sometimesc | 1.040 | 1.040 | 1.042 | 1.033 | 1.038 | 0.998 | 1.087 | 1.026 |
(0.682 – 1.588) | (0.682 – 1.588) | (0.683 – 1.590) | (0.678 – 1.576) | (0.681 – 1.584) | (0.655 – 1.518) | (0.710 – 1.664) | (0.673 – 1.565) | |
- Not anymorec | 1.139 | 1.134 | 1.132 | 1.130 | 1.132 | 1.141 | 1.124 | 1.195 |
(0.897 – 1.445) | (0.893 – 1.439) | (0.892 – 1.438) | (0.891 – 1.433) | (0.893 – 1.435) | (0.900 – 1.447) | (0.884 – 1.430) | (0.941 – 1.518) | |
- Never been smokerc | 1.075 | 1.071 | 1.069 | 1.070 | 1.073 | 1.081 | 1.065 | 1.127 |
(0.847 – 1.364) | (0.844 – 1.358) | (0.843 – 1.356) | (0.844 – 1.356) | (0.847 – 1.359) | (0.853 – 1.369) | (0.838 – 1.354) | (0.888 – 1.431) | |
Consumption of alcohol: several times a weekd | 1.380** | 1.374** | 1.376** | 1.363** | 1.359** | 1.369** | 1.390** | 1.362** |
(1.119 – 1.701) | (1.114 – 1.694) | (1.116 – 1.698) | (1.106 – 1.681) | (1.103 – 1.675) | (1.110 – 1.687) | (1.125 – 1.716) | (1.103 – 1.681) | |
- Once a weekd | 1.361* | 1.358* | 1.360* | 1.361* | 1.360* | 1.369** | 1.379** | 1.344* |
(1.074 – 1.723) | (1.072 – 1.721) | (1.073 – 1.723) | (1.075 – 1.722) | (1.075 – 1.721) | (1.082 – 1.733) | (1.088 – 1.749) | (1.060 – 1.703) | |
- One to three times a month4 | 1.359* | 1.368* | 1.366* | 1.356* | 1.358* | 1.346* | 1.353* | 1.352* |
(1.055 – 1.750) | (1.062 – 1.762) | (1.060 – 1.760) | (1.053 – 1.745) | (1.054 – 1.748) | (1.046 – 1.733) | (1.049 – 1.745) | (1.049 – 1.743) | |
- Less frequentlyd | 1.569*** | 1.566*** | 1.572*** | 1.554*** | 1.573*** | 1.545*** | 1.556*** | 1.500*** |
(1.262 – 1.952) | (1.259 – 1.949) | (1.264 – 1.957) | (1.250 – 1.932) | (1.265 – 1.955) | (1.243 – 1.920) | (1.249 – 1.938) | (1.205 – 1.868) | |
- Neverd | 1.479** | 1.491** | 1.491** | 1.484** | 1.488** | 1.490** | 1.576*** | 1.495** |
(1.149 – 1.903) | (1.159 – 1.918) | (1.159 – 1.918) | (1.154 – 1.907) | (1.158 – 1.912) | (1.159 – 1.914) | (1.222 – 2.034) | (1.160 – 1.926) | |
Number of physical illnesses | 1.116*** | 1.120*** | 1.111*** | 1.113*** | 1.118*** | 1.111*** | 1.121*** | 1.106*** |
(1.076 – 1.157) | (1.081 – 1.161) | (1.071 – 1.153) | (1.074 – 1.154) | (1.078 – 1.159) | (1.072 – 1.152) | (1.081 – 1.162) | (1.067 – 1.147) | |
Psychological factor | 0.948 | 1.014 | 1.114 | 0.895+ | 0.893 | 0.841* | 1.098 | 1.160** |
(0.863 – 1.042) | (0.895 – 1.149) | (0.975 – 1.272) | (0.794 – 1.008) | (0.771 – 1.035) | (0.712 – 0.994) | (0.971 – 1.241) | (1.048 – 1.285) | |
Constant | 0.00394*** | 0.00320*** | 0.00251*** | 0.00512*** | 0.00501*** | 0.00636*** | 0.00226*** | 0.00254*** |
(0.00161 – 0.00966) | (0.00118 – 0.00867) | (0.000986 – 0.00641) | (0.00201 – 0.0131) | (0.00190 – 0.0132) | (0.00227 – 0.0178) | (0.000847 – 0.00602) | (0.00104 – 0.00617) | |
Observations | 4525 | 4522 | 4521 | 4557 | 4553 | 4567 | 4477 | 4500 |
Pseudo R2 | 0.0898 | 0.0894 | 0.0898 | 0.0900 | 0.0905 | 0.0899 | 0.0902 | 0.0909 |