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Table 2 Results of logistic regression model: dependent variable: regular vaccination: 0 = No, 1 = Yes; odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) are displayed

From: Psychological determinants of influenza vaccination

Independent variables

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Psychological factor included in regression model:

Life satisfaction, (Pavot/Diener 1993) [33]

Positive affect (Watson, Clark & Tellegen 1988) [37]

Negative affect (Watson, Clark & Tellegen 1988) [37]

Optimism (Brandstädter/Wentura 1994) [28]

Self-efficacy (Schwarzer/Jerusalem 1995) [30]

Self-esteem (Rosenberg 1965) [32]

Self-regulation (Freund/Baltes 2002) [36]

Perceived stress (Cohen et al. 1983) [31]

Gender: Femalea

1.030

1.020

1.010

1.026

1.027

1.034

1.033

1.003

(0.896 – 1.183)

(0.888 – 1.172)

(0.879 – 1.161)

(0.893 – 1.177)

(0.895 – 1.179)

(0.901 – 1.187)

(0.899 – 1.188)

(0.873 – 1.152)

Age in years

1.063***

1.063***

1.064***

1.061***

1.062***

1.062***

1.063***

1.062***

(1.053 – 1.074)

(1.052 – 1.073)

(1.053 – 1.074)

(1.051 – 1.072)

(1.052 – 1.072)

(1.052 – 1.072)

(1.053 – 1.074)

(1.052 – 1.072)

Marital status: Not marriedb

0.797**

0.803**

0.805**

0.794**

0.800**

0.799**

0.801**

0.812**

(0.690 – 0.920)

(0.696 – 0.927)

(0.698 – 0.929)

(0.689 – 0.916)

(0.694 – 0.922)

(0.693 – 0.921)

(0.693 – 0.925)

(0.703 – 0.936)

Monthly net equivalence income

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

(1.000 – 1.000)

Region: East

2.776***

2.756***

2.783***

2.770***

2.780***

2.783***

2.724***

2.812***

(2.418 – 3.188)

(2.401 – 3.165)

(2.423 – 3.198)

(2.414 – 3.179)

(2.422 – 3.191)

(2.425 – 3.194)

(2.370 – 3.131)

(2.447 – 3.231)

Body-Mass-Index (BMI)

1.021**

1.020**

1.021**

1.021**

1.020**

1.020**

1.020*

1.019*

(1.005 – 1.036)

(1.005 – 1.036)

(1.006 – 1.037)

(1.005 – 1.036)

(1.005 – 1.036)

(1.005 – 1.036)

(1.005 – 1.035)

(1.004 – 1.035)

Smoking status: Yes, sometimesc

1.040

1.040

1.042

1.033

1.038

0.998

1.087

1.026

(0.682 – 1.588)

(0.682 – 1.588)

(0.683 – 1.590)

(0.678 – 1.576)

(0.681 – 1.584)

(0.655 – 1.518)

(0.710 – 1.664)

(0.673 – 1.565)

- Not anymorec

1.139

1.134

1.132

1.130

1.132

1.141

1.124

1.195

(0.897 – 1.445)

(0.893 – 1.439)

(0.892 – 1.438)

(0.891 – 1.433)

(0.893 – 1.435)

(0.900 – 1.447)

(0.884 – 1.430)

(0.941 – 1.518)

- Never been smokerc

1.075

1.071

1.069

1.070

1.073

1.081

1.065

1.127

(0.847 – 1.364)

(0.844 – 1.358)

(0.843 – 1.356)

(0.844 – 1.356)

(0.847 – 1.359)

(0.853 – 1.369)

(0.838 – 1.354)

(0.888 – 1.431)

Consumption of alcohol: several times a weekd

1.380**

1.374**

1.376**

1.363**

1.359**

1.369**

1.390**

1.362**

(1.119 – 1.701)

(1.114 – 1.694)

(1.116 – 1.698)

(1.106 – 1.681)

(1.103 – 1.675)

(1.110 – 1.687)

(1.125 – 1.716)

(1.103 – 1.681)

- Once a weekd

1.361*

1.358*

1.360*

1.361*

1.360*

1.369**

1.379**

1.344*

(1.074 – 1.723)

(1.072 – 1.721)

(1.073 – 1.723)

(1.075 – 1.722)

(1.075 – 1.721)

(1.082 – 1.733)

(1.088 – 1.749)

(1.060 – 1.703)

- One to three times a month4

1.359*

1.368*

1.366*

1.356*

1.358*

1.346*

1.353*

1.352*

(1.055 – 1.750)

(1.062 – 1.762)

(1.060 – 1.760)

(1.053 – 1.745)

(1.054 – 1.748)

(1.046 – 1.733)

(1.049 – 1.745)

(1.049 – 1.743)

- Less frequentlyd

1.569***

1.566***

1.572***

1.554***

1.573***

1.545***

1.556***

1.500***

(1.262 – 1.952)

(1.259 – 1.949)

(1.264 – 1.957)

(1.250 – 1.932)

(1.265 – 1.955)

(1.243 – 1.920)

(1.249 – 1.938)

(1.205 – 1.868)

- Neverd

1.479**

1.491**

1.491**

1.484**

1.488**

1.490**

1.576***

1.495**

(1.149 – 1.903)

(1.159 – 1.918)

(1.159 – 1.918)

(1.154 – 1.907)

(1.158 – 1.912)

(1.159 – 1.914)

(1.222 – 2.034)

(1.160 – 1.926)

Number of physical illnesses

1.116***

1.120***

1.111***

1.113***

1.118***

1.111***

1.121***

1.106***

(1.076 – 1.157)

(1.081 – 1.161)

(1.071 – 1.153)

(1.074 – 1.154)

(1.078 – 1.159)

(1.072 – 1.152)

(1.081 – 1.162)

(1.067 – 1.147)

Psychological factor

0.948

1.014

1.114

0.895+

0.893

0.841*

1.098

1.160**

(0.863 – 1.042)

(0.895 – 1.149)

(0.975 – 1.272)

(0.794 – 1.008)

(0.771 – 1.035)

(0.712 – 0.994)

(0.971 – 1.241)

(1.048 – 1.285)

Constant

0.00394***

0.00320***

0.00251***

0.00512***

0.00501***

0.00636***

0.00226***

0.00254***

(0.00161 – 0.00966)

(0.00118 – 0.00867)

(0.000986 – 0.00641)

(0.00201 – 0.0131)

(0.00190 – 0.0132)

(0.00227 – 0.0178)

(0.000847 – 0.00602)

(0.00104 – 0.00617)

Observations

4525

4522

4521

4557

4553

4567

4477

4500

Pseudo R2

0.0898

0.0894

0.0898

0.0900

0.0905

0.0899

0.0902

0.0909

  1. Reference category: amale bmarried cdaily smoker ddaily; *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05; + p < .10; The number of physical illnesses ranged from 0 to 11; Life satisfaction was quantified using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (ranging from 1 to 5, with higher values corresponding to more satisfaction); Positive and negative affect was quantified using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (both ranging from 1 to 5, with higher values corresponding to higher positive and negative affect, respectively); Optimism was quantified using a scale developed by Brandtstädter and Wentura (ranging from 1 to 4, with higher values corresponding to higher optimism); Self-efficacy was quantified using a scale developed by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (ranging from 1 to 4, with higher values corresponding to higher self-efficacy); Self-esteem was quantified using the Rosenberg scale (ranging from 1 to 4, with higher values corresponding to higher self-esteem); Self-regulation was quantified using a scale developed by Ziegelmann and Lippke (ranging from 1 to 4, with higher values corresponding to higher self-regulation); Perceived stress was using a scale developed by Cohen and colleagues (ranging from 1 to 5, with higher values corresponding to higher perceived stress)