Table 3 Incidence rate of basic activities of daily living disability onset during the follow-up period
Variables | Categories | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence/person-year | Incidence rate per 1000 | p a | Incidence/person-year | Incidence rate per 1000 | p a | ||
Total | ― | 1108/51734 | 21.4 | ― | 1248/55850 | 22.3 | ― |
Living arrangement | Living with spouse | 871/44890 | 19.4 | p < .001 | 473/31543 | 15.0 | p < .001 |
Living with non-spousal cohabitants | 171/4806 | 35.6 | Â | 541/15897 | 34.0 | Â | |
Living alone | 66/2039 | 32.4 | Â | 234/8410 | 27.8 | Â | |
Age | 65–69 | 184/21906 | 8.4 | p < .001 | 148/21341 | 6.9 | p < .001 |
70–74 | 309/16272 | 19.0 |  | 244/16573 | 14.7 |  | |
75–79 | 322/9216 | 34.9 |  | 357/11301 | 31.6 |  | |
80–84 | 199/3384 | 58.8 |  | 307/4955 | 62.0 |  | |
85 and over | 94/955 | 98.4 | Â | 192/1680 | 114.3 | Â | |
Years of education | <10 | 656/27872 | 23.5 | p < .001 | 837/34714 | 24.1 | p < .001 |
≥10 | 441/23498 | 18.8 |  | 387/20572 | 18.8 |  | |
Missing | 11/364 | 30.2 | Â | 24/565 | 42.5 | Â | |
Equivalent income | Low | 376/17,492 | 21.5 | p < .001 | 407/18,495 | 22.0 | p < .001 |
Middle | 473/23995 | 19.7 | Â | 310/18910 | 16.4 | Â | |
High | 113/5910 | 19.1 | Â | 119/5051 | 23.6 | Â | |
Missing | 146/4336 | 33.7 | Â | 412/13393 | 30.8 | Â | |
Self-rated health | Excellent/good | 704/39459 | 17.8 | p < .001 | 749/41359 | 18.1 | p < .001 |
Fair/poor | 387/11844 | 32.7 | Â | 469/13540 | 34.6 | Â | |
Missing | 17/431 | 39.4 | Â | 30/951 | 31.6 | Â | |
Presence of illness | No | 131/10138 | 12.9 | p < .001 | 120/9535 | 12.6 | p < .001 |
Yes | 941/39942 | 23.6 | Â | 1060/43543 | 24.3 | Â | |
Missing | 36/1655 | 21.8 | Â | 68/2771 | 24.5 | Â | |
Geriatric Depression Scale | No depression | 619/34677 | 17.9 | p < .001 | 583/32958 | 17.7 | p < .001 |
Depressive tendency | 250/9493 | 26.3 | Â | 289/10422 | 27.7 | Â | |
Depression | 89/2548 | 34.9 | Â | 101/2941 | 34.3 | Â | |
Missing | 150/5016 | 29.9 | Â | 275/9529 | 28.9 | Â | |
Instrumental activities of daily living | Without difficulty | 724/39518 | 18.3 | p < .001 | 778/47101 | 16.5 | p < .001 |
With difficulty | 324/10675 | 30.4 | Â | 408/6996 | 58.3 | Â | |
Missing | 60/1541 | 38.9 | Â | 62/1753 | 35.4 | Â | |
Subjective cognitive complaints | No | 850/44512 | 19.1 | p < .001 | 893/46860 | 19.1 | p < .001 |
Yes | 226/6428 | 35.2 | Â | 307/7807 | 39.3 | Â | |
Missing | 32/794 | 40.3 | Â | 48/1183 | 40.6 | Â | |
Body mass index | <18.5 | 122/2938 | 41.5 | p < .001 | 151/3920 | 38.5 | p < .001 |
18.5–24.9 | 767/37038 | 20.7 |  | 732/36996 | 19.8 |  | |
≥25 | 177/10653 | 16.6 |  | 240/12722 | 18.9 |  | |
Missing | 42/1105 | 38.0 | Â | 125/2212 | 56.5 | Â | |
Alcohol consumption | No | 512/20451 | 25.0 | p < .001 | 1105/47731 | 23.2 | p < .001 |
Yes | 577/30608 | 18.9 | Â | 97/7109 | 13.6 | Â | |
Missing | 19/675 | 28.1 | Â | 46/1010 | 45.5 | Â | |
Smoking habit | None | 299/13849 | 21.6 | p = .887 | 1083/50509 | 21.4 | p < .001 |
Past/current | 774/36350 | 21.3 | Â | 82/3186 | 25.7 | Â | |
Missing | 35/1535 | 22.8 | Â | 83/2155 | 38.5 | Â | |
Daily walking time | ≥30 min | 632/32851 | 19.2 | p < .001 | 637/30997 | 20.6 | p < .001 |
<30Â min | 411/15574 | 26.4 | Â | 451/17498 | 25.8 | Â | |
Missing | 65/3309 | 19.6 | Â | 160/7355 | 21.8 | Â | |
Emotional support received | Yes | 851/43165 | 19.7 | p < .001 | 1085/50517 | 21.5 | p < .001 |
No | 183/6589 | 27.8 | Â | 92/3151 | 29.2 | Â | |
Missing | 74/1980 | 37.4 | Â | 71/2182 | 32.5 | Â | |
Emotional support provided | Yes | 781/41271 | 18.9 | p < .001 | 916/46023 | 19.9 | p < .001 |
No | 240/8182 | 29.3 | Â | 236/6740 | 35.0 | Â | |
Missing | 87/2280 | 38.2 | Â | 96/3086 | 31.1 | Â | |
Instrumental support received | Yes | 997/48425 | 20.6 | p < .001 | 1090/49835 | 21.9 | p = .031 |
No | 51/1812 | 28.2 | Â | 100/4077 | 24.5 | Â | |
Missing | 60/1498 | 40.1 | Â | 58/1938 | 29.9 | Â | |
Instrumental support provided | Yes | 927/46692 | 19.9 | p < .001 | 972/49306 | 19.7 | p < .001 |
No | 113/3101 | 36.4 | Â | 164/3654 | 44.9 | Â | |
Missing | 68/1940 | 35.0 | Â | 112/2890 | 38.8 | Â | |